Components of curriculum and curricular approaches Essay

Aims of Elementary command( education act of 1892)In the unsubdivided level, trails done their curricula should look to Provide knowledge and develop skills, attitudes, rates of the essence(p) to personal phylogeny and necessary for living in and contributing to a developing and changing society Provide learning experiences which increase the babys aw arness of and antiphonaryness o the permutes in the society crowd and intensify knowledge, identification with and love for the nation and the people to which he function and Promote work experiences which develop orientation to the world of work and unionise the disciple to engage in honest and gaining work. Aims of Secondary educationIn high school or secondary level, educational curricula aim to stay range to promote the objectives of elementary education and Discover and enhance the distinguishable aptitudes and interests of students in order to equip them with skills for increaseive endeavor and or to prepare the m for third schooling.Aims of tertiary educationTertiary education refers to college and university word formal education found on the curricula of the different courses. The different courses should aim to Provide general education programs which give promote interior(a) identity, cultural consciousnes,moral integrity and spiritual cypher Train the nations manpower in the skills required for national development Develop the professions that will provide leadership for the nation and up note knowledge done research and apply crude knowledge for up(a) the quality of human life and respond effectively to changing society. checks Visionis a clear concept of what the institution would want to become in the future. -It is the guiding post around which all educational efforts including curricula should be directed. EXAMPLE1.A model performing high school where students are equipped with knowledge, skills and strength of character to realize their potential to the fullest.Schools missionSchools mission statement, spells proscribed how it tends to carry out its Vision. -The mission targets to produce the kind of persons the students will become after having been ameliorate over a certain period of time. EXAMPLE1.Commits to the total development of individuals for life adjustment and to the upliftment of the economically deprived but deserving students through quality instruction, updated facilities and curricula responsive to the needs of the times.Schools goalsThe schools vision, and mission are further empathized into goals which are broad statements or intents to be accomplished. EXAMPLE1.Build a strong foundation of skills and concepts2.Efficient and effective administration responsive of the needs of the university and community.Educational objectivesBenjamin Bloom and Robert MagerDefined educational objectives in two ways1.Explicit formulations of the ways in which students are expected to be changed by the educative process,2. Intent communicated b y statement describing a proposed change in learners. Objectives direct the change in behavior which is the ultimate aim of learning.Three(3) big domains of objectivesCognitive Domain (Bloom et al 1956) domain of thought process1.Knowledge-recall, remembering of prior learned materials in bourns of facts, concepts, theories and principles.2.Comprehension-ability to grasp the core of material.3.Application-the ability to delectation learned material in new and cover home.4.Analysis-ability to break down material into component lineaments so that its organisational structure may be understood.5.Synthesis-ability to put parts together to form a new whole.6.Evaluation-ability to pass judgment on something based on given criteria.Affective Domain(Krathwohl, 1964)Domain of valuing, attitude and appreciation1.Receiving-students willingness to give birth attention to feature event, stimuli or classroom activities.2.Responding-active participation on the part of the students.3.Valui ng-concerned with the worth or value a student attaches to a particular phenomena, object or behavior.4.Organization-concerned with bringing together different values and construct value system.5.Characterization by a value system or value interlinking-developing a lifestyle from a value system.Psychomotor Domain(Simpson,1972)-domain of the use of psychomotor attributes.1.Perception-use of sense organ to guide motor activities.2.Set-refers to the readiness to take a particular type of transaction.3.Guided response-concerned with the early stages in learning complex skills.4.Mechanism-responses absorb become habitual. Performance skills are with ease and confidence.5.Complex overt responses-skillful performance with complex movement patterns.6.Adaptation-skill well developed that the ability to modify is very easy.7.Origination-refers to creating new movements patterns to fit the situation.Component 2 syllabus CONTENT OR event MATTER computer program SpecialistsContent or take another term for knowledge.-It is a compendium of facts, concepts evocation, principles and theories.-This is the subject centered view of the political platform.Gerome Brunerknowledge is a model we construct to give meaning and structure to regularities in experience. spokesperson of the broad subject areas or general education.Communication Arts-It allow skills in listening ,speaking, reading and writing as well as the effective use of language in daily living. Social Studies-Include introductory elements of Geography, History, Sociology, Anthropology, Economics,Civics,Political Science and Psychology.What subject offspring will be taught in the different clusters in order to achieve the ogjectives? What criteria should be employ in selecting the cloy?Here are some criteria which can be utilized in the survival of the fittest of subject matter kernel or knowledge for the computer programme.1.Self-sufficiency-According to Scheffler (1970) the found guiding principles for content selection is helping the learners to attain maximum liberty in learning but in the most economical manner. 2.Significance-When content or subject matter will contribute to basic idea, concepts ,principles and generalization to achieve the overall aim of the curriculum.3.Validity-The authenticity of the subject matter.4.Interest-For learner-centered curriculum,this the key.A learner will value the content it it is meaningful to him or her.5.Utility-Usefulness of the content or subject matter may be relative to the learner who is going to use it.6.Learnability-Subject matter should be within the range of the experiences of the learners.7.Feasibility The subject matter or content be learned within the time allowed, resources available, expertise of the instructor and the nature of the learners.There are other considerations that may be used in the selection Of the learning content. As a guide, subject matter or content can be selected for use if these area. oftentimes and c ommonly used in daily lifeb. suited to the matureness levels and abilities of studentsc. valuable in the meeting need and the competencies of a future occupational groupd. important in the transfer of learning.In organizing or putting together the different learning limit- Palma,1992PRINCIPLESBALANCE-Curriculum content should be fairly distributed in depth and breadth of the particular learning area or discipline. vocalism-When all(prenominal) level of subject matter is smoothly connected to the next, gross gaps and wasteful overlaps in the subject matter will be avoided. episode-The logical arrangement of the subject matter.INTEGRATON-The horizontal connections are needed in subject areas that are similar so that learning will be related to one another. CONTINUITY-The constant repetition, review and reinforcement of learning. element 3CURRICULUM EXPERIENCESThis section will link instructional strategies and manners to curriculum experiences, the core or the heart of the curri culum -The instructional strategies and methods will put into action the goals and use the contents in order to produce an outcome. -The action are based on planned objectives, the subject matter to be taken and the support materials to be used.Teaching methods ( time-tested methods,inquiry snugglees,contructivist and others). Educational activities( sphere viewing, conducting experiments, interacting with computer programs, field trips and other experiential learning)Some guide for the selection and use of methods1.Teaching methods are means to achieve the end.They are used to translate the objectives into action.2.There is no single best teaching method. Its effectiveness will imagine on the learning objectives, the learners and skill of the instructor.3.Teaching methods should stimulate the learners desire to develop the cognitive,affective ,psychomotor, genial and spiritual domain of individual.4.In the choice of the teaching methods, learning styles of the students should b e considered.5.Every method should lead to the development of the learning outcomes in the three domainscognitive,affective and psychomotor.6. Fexibility should be a consideration in the use of the teaching methods.COMPONENT 4CURRICULUM EVALUATIONWorthen and Sanders-all curricula to be effective must have the element of valuation. Curriculum valuation-refer to the formal determination of the quality, effectiveness or value of the program, process, product of the curriculum. Tuckman(1985)-define evaluation as meeting the goals and matching them with the intended outcomes.Model of evaluationStufflebeamss CIPP-In CIPP, the process is continuous and is very important to curriculum managers bid principals, supervisors, department head, deans and even teachers. C-contextI- InputP-ProcessP- overlapContext-refers to the environment of the curriculum. The real situation where the curriculum is operating is its context. Input-refers to the ingredients of the curriculum which include the go als, instructional strategies, the learners, the teacher, the contents and all the material needed. Process-refers to the ways and means of how the curriculum has been implemented.. Product-indicates if the curriculum objectives accomplishes its goals.Suggested plan of action for the process of curriculum evaluation1.Focus on one particular component of the curriculum.-Will be the subject area,the grade level,the course,or the breaker point program? Specify the objectives of evaluation.2.Coolect or gather the information.-Information is made up of information needed regarding the object of evaluation3.Organize the information.This step will require coding,organizing,storing and retreiving selective information for interpretation.4.Analyze information-An appropriate way of analyzing will be utilized.5.Report the information-The resoluteness of evaluation should be reported to specific audiences. Reporting can be done formally in conference with stakeholders, or informally through roundtable discussions and conversations.6.Recycle the information for continuous feedback, modification and adjustments to be made.CURRICULAR APPROACHES behavioral ApproachFrederick TaylorAnchored on the behaviorist principles, behavioral approach to curriculum is commonly based on a blueprint. in the blueprint, goals and objectives are specified, contents and activities are also arranged to match with learningobjectives.Managerial approachThe managerial approach became a dominant curriculum approach in the 1950s and 1960s.The principal is the curriculum leader at the same time instructional leader who is supposed to ne the general manager. The general manager sets the policies and priorities, establishes the teaching of change and innovation, and planning and organizing curriculum and instruction. Curriculum managers look at curriculum changes and innovations a they administer the resources and restructure the schools.Some of the roles of the Curriculum supervisors(Ornstein and hunkins,2004)1.Help develop the schools education goals.2.Plan curriculum with students,parents,teachers and other stakeholders.3.Design programs of study by grade levels.4.Plan or schedule classes or school calendar.5.Prepare curriculum guides or teacher guides by grade level or subject area.6.Help in the evaluation and selection of textbooks.7.Observe teachers.8.Assist teachers in the implementation of the curriculum.9.Encourage curriculum innovation and change.10.Develop standards for curriculum and instructional evaluationSystem approachThe system approach to curriculum was influenced by system theory. In this approach the parts of the total school order or school are examined in terms of how they relate to each other. The organizational chart of the scholl represents a systems approach. George Beauchamp-The system theory of education probe the following to be of equal importance are 1.adminstration 2.counseling 3.curriculum 4.instruction and 5.evaluationHumanistic approachThi s approached is rooted in the progressive philosophy and baby bird-centeredmovement. This approach considers the formal or planned curriculum and the informal or hidden curriculum. It considers the whole child and believes that in curriculum the total development of the individual is the prime consideration. The learner is at the center of the curriculum