Antigone Essay -- English Literature

Antigone hearIn some(prenominal) account statement or piece of literature, there go out always be the main reference points to fill the pages with incessant adventure. The characterswhose names protrude on almost every page and the characters whoseactions the story revolves around. However, a story will also alwayshave its tiddler characters. These are the characters that cave inheavily to the plot, yet arent mentioned quite as often and areunderestimated regarding their brilliance in the story. In the Greekmasterpiece, Antigone, the author Sophocles construed a myriad ofminor characters that contributed to the story in numerous ways.Ismene, one of Oedipus daughters, was created to botch the maincharacter, Antigone. Haemon, the son of Creon, took the role of amplifyingcontroversy and showing his father revenge for all the flap hecaused Thebes. And finally, Tiresias, an elderly blind prophet, wasconstructed to diminish Creons hubris.Firstly, Ismenes character was created pr imarily to foil that ofAntigones. When Antigone initially discussed her plans to contest theKings orders, Ismene was against it and tried to argue with hersister, hoping to dispel the plan from her mind. In lines 71-74,Ismene states during her argument, think what a death well die, theworst of all if we violate the laws and rescind the fixed decree ofthe throne, its power- we must be sensible. During the entire storythe both characters have obvious opposing views and personalities.Ismene is discerned as rational, cautious, and dutiful, while Antigoneis conveyed as intractable, brave, and disobedient.another(prenominal) example of the discrepancy between the characters is the waythat they are physically represented. Sophocles generated Ismene w... ...ty fits together like a puzzle. For example, without thoseblank sky pieces that fit at the go by of a puzzle, it can never becompleted. Same rule applies to any story, without the minorcharacters to reveal hidden information or to s imple add drama, then astory can never be completed. In the Greek tragedy, Antigone, theauthor, Sophocles, presents the minor characters in his story withimportant functions and responsibilities. Ismene, Antigones sister,had the purpose of frustration Antigone in order to create undeclaredconfliction between the characters. Haemon, Antigones fiance, wasmeant to bring apology to the string of deaths at the end of thestory. And lastly, Tiresias, the respected prophet, was carefullyproduced as the character who pushed Creons conscious over the edgeand influenced him the most to withdraw his punishment for Antigone.

Prejudice Essay -- essays research papers

For this oral history radical I was very unbalanced to find someone with a quite interesting and culturally various family background that I think would contribute a lot to the proposition of prejudice and stereotype. This paper pull up stakes discuss the views of stereotype and prejudice of my interviewee and withal how the two factors have affected her life. Brown (1995) defines prejudice as a negative attitude, emotion, or behavior towards elements of a group as a result of their membership of that group. This negative attitude, emotion, or behavior that we project toward members of a contingent group is influenced by the attitudes of others around us and the norms of our ingroup. In this paper I would try to use the interviewees stories which in many instances argon filled with treatments of prejudices and stereotypes coming from herself and others.The person I interview is FDG, a 23 year-old female college student with a Motion Picture/Movie takings at the Academy of Ar t in San Francisco. FDG was born and raised in Jakarta, Indonesia. Her father is Indonesian and her father is from Turkmenistan (formerly part of the Soviet Union). Her father comes from a very religious (Moslem) family in Sumatra and it was quite a horror to his family when he decided to marry a foreign Jewish girl (her mother then converted to Islam when FDG was 7 years old). FDG comes from a very flourishing economic background, both her parents are chemical engineers. FDG utter that she grew up in a very sheltered environment where al approximately every she undeni fitting were provided for.As a child of a mixed raced couple, FDG becomes a member of the minority group in the country she was living in where most couples come from similar economic, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. FDG now ac hunch forwardledges that during her childhood and adolescence she had encountered and experienced stereotyping and prejudice.Because Russian is her first language, in kindergarten she wa s teased by her friends for not being able to speak Indonesian fluently and looking for different than the others. Ive constantly hated my blonde hair, says FDG, one time a friend accuse me of being an albino Indonesian I guess he couldnt submit the fact that I had a Russian mother with blonde her likewise In the 4th grade she got into a fight and punched a class fellow after he yelled, Go back to where you belong you Russian terrorist FDG remarks that looking ba... ... being categorized in the Chinese group. FDG knows what it feels like to be disfavor against, without realizing it she still cannot help from being a prejudiced person herself towards trustworthy members of one group (Chinese Indonesians). Like many of other native Indonesians, she also has adopted some prejudiced views against Chinese Indonesians. When I ask FDG if she realizes that she is treating this particular group with the same stereotypes and prejudices that she was treated with while she was living i n Indonesia, she says yes. FDG said that she acknowledges it but later on comments that she cannot help but be influenced by the perception of the majority. Although FDG may always encounter prejudices and stereotypes in the future, she now know that it is important to get to know a person based on their intelligence and not by their ethnic backgrounds. Now that she is living in a more international environment such as San Francisco, I think FDG is now able to broaden her perception towards prejudices and stereotypes and hopefully she will finally come to terms with her own diverse heritage and not have negative perceptions regarding others that are different from herself.

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) Essay

BACKGROUND wellnessc be-associated transmission systems (HAIs) atomic number 18 bacterial transmittable diseases acquired during a forbearings arrest in a wellness care institution.  It imposes a huge consequence on wellnesscare institutions, costing billions of dollars for additional care costs as well as a pro ready fraction of lost lives (Houghton, 2006).  authentic estimates depict that approximately 2 million unhurrieds acquire health care-associated transmission systems (HAIs) or nosocomial transmission systems sever ally year, of which 90,000 to 100,000 diligents die (Houghton, 2006), making HAIs not only a internal health problem, moreover a global threat as well.  greenness HAIs accommodate hematological, surgical site, dermatological, respiratory, urinary and gastroin assayinal systems.  In order to ope array the increase in number of healthcare-associated infections, it is fundamental to identify key factors that recognize healthcare institutions susceptible to much(prenominal) outbreaks.  There is a penury to prize the sensitivity and efficiency of healthcare institutions to healthcare-associated infections in order to prevent next outbreaks.PROBLEM STATEMENT            This work bequeath investigate the sensitivity of spotting and efficiency of reporting healthcare-associated infections to the infirmary nerve, in the context of providing measures in improving the current surveillance program in the outlandish.  The guide passs to identification of a healthcare associated infection allow be evaluated through personal interactions with healthcare proles development questionnaires which depart be designed apply a quadruplicate option onslaught.CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK             This consume is establish on the occupy to dole out the current epidemic of healthcare-associated infection tha t is emerging approximately the world.  ahead an good solution to the problem is designed, it is essential that shortcomings in the ideal procedures of healthcare institutions be place.  This whitethorn be do by determining the originate of sensitivity of healthcare personnel to symptoms of healthcare-associated infections, as well as wise to(p) what are the first set of actions to be done once an infection is confirmed indoors a healthcare institution.  This turn over may table service as the first measurement dent that addresses these aspects of the global epidemic. RESEARCH dubiousness/HYPOTHESIS            This investigation aims to address the question of whether the current infirmary administration is sensitive enough to detect and substanti completelyy efficient to report to healthcare institutions either incidents of healthcare-associated infections.  This exit be directly evaluated use survey entropy collections from retrospective campaigns of particular health institutions as related to dates of hospital admission, tick of infection and give-and-take eon. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY            There is a select for an effective surveillance and sustain program for healthcare-associated infections that are ground on current settings in a healthcare institution.  Through surveys that inquire on common practices and results of healthcare workers, any shortcomings or avoidable gaps in the hospital system may be re represented, which in turn pull up stakes salve the spread of infection in the healthcare institutions.  Review of checkup spirits and interviews with be healthcare personnel give be performed in order to t each(prenominal) whether there are certain discrepancies and gaps in the healthcare protocol that avail contaminant and further spreading of infectious microbials around the healthcare institution.  This shoot may facilitate the identification of key factors that influence the increase in frequency of nosocomial infections in hospitals.  The results of this investigation may positively perform as a tool to healthcare workers such as nurses and science laboratory technicians.STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE (OBJECTIVES)            This research provide determine the sensitivity and response direct of healthcare workers to healthcare-associated infections.  This proposal aims to develop a measurement tool that go forth determine the sensitivity for identification, efficiency of reporting and the response swan to a healthcare-association infection, with the aim of designing a cost-effective and quick right smart of attendling and ultimately eradicating the healthcare-related problem.  LITERATURE REVIEW            The prevention and learn of HAIs requires a c osmopolitan approach that addresses as many pathogens as possible (Wiseman, 2006). urinary tract infections (UTI) associated with catheter use are the most common HAIs, with hospital-acquired pneumonia having the highest mortality prize (Houghton, 2006).  These infections are a great dealen problematic to treat due to the fact that the microorganisms mixed pretend bugger off tolerant to antibiotics (Broadhead, Parra and Skelton, 2001). Recent media insurance coverage of meticillin-resistant staphylococci aureus (MRSA) has change magnitude the awareness of healthcare professionals to the threat of this particular microbe.  S. aureus infections can result in cellulitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and pneumonia, and virtually of the systemic diseases such as food poisoning, scalded uncase syndrome and toxic shock syndrome (Zaoutis, Dawid and Kim, 2002).            MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) are th e primary causes of nosocomial infections and are significant factors in increase morbidity and mortality judge. These microbes are currently endemic disease in many healthcare institutions, particularly problematic in intensifier care wholes (intensive care units) (Furuno, et al. 2005).  VRE infections bind become prevalent in U.S. hospitals over the hold up decade, increase in incidence 25-fold (Ridwan et al., 2002).  Vancomycin is the antibiotic frequently apply to treat infections caused by MRSA, but recent days ease up seen the proceeds of Staphylococcus aureus infections that drive floor high-resistance to vancomycin, which makes the future effectiveness of this drug questionable (Furuno et al., 2005). all known variants of the vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolates ware possessed the vanA gene, which carries with it resistance to vancomycin.  This development is believed to fetch been acquired when the MRSA isolate conjugated with a co-colonizing VRE isolate (Furuno et al., 2005, p. 1539). This mode that endurings who suffer co-village from MRSA and VRE drive home an increased risk of infection for colonization and infection by VRSA (Furuno et al., 2005). Furthermore, Zirakzadeh and Patel (2006) stated that VRE has become a major concern due, in part, to its ability to transfer vancomycin resistance to separate bacteria, which includes MRSA.            Infection of susceptible patients typically go throughs in environments that have a high rate of patient colonization with VRE, such as ICUs and oncology units (Zirakzadeh and Patel, 2006).  In these healthcare settings, VRE has been known to survive for extensive periods and research has as well ob seed that VRE has the ability to contaminate virtually every surface (Zirakzadeh and Patel, 2006). Efforts to control HAIs, such as VRE, have centeringed on prevention, such as through hand hygienics, as the f irst line of defense.            Hand hygienics has been improved by using user-friendly, alcohol-based hand cleansers, but there neverthe little remains the goal of achieving consistently high levels of compliance with their use (Carling et al., 2005, p. 1).  Screening-based closing off practices have likewise improved transmission rates of MRSA and VRE however, logistic issues and the cost-effectiveness of these practices are still being analyzed (Carling et al., 2005). Additionally, despite isolation practices, outbreaks and instances of environmental contamination have been documented in regards to MRSA, VRE and Clostridium difficile, which cannot be screened with any practicality (Carling et al., 2005).            The many obstacles that exist in regards to effective screening practices suggest that a digest on improving existing modify/cleanseing practices may prove to be more effec tive in halting the spread of HAIs (Carling et al., 2005). Studies over the coating several decades have shown that there is often contamination of surfaces in and around the patient, as pathogens associated with the hospital environment have been known to survive on surfaces for weeks or even months (Carling et al., 2005). Significant rates of contamination with Clostridium difficile have been connected with symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (Carling et al., 2005).            In 2002, the CDC issued guidelines that called for hospitals to complete(a)ly clean and disinfect environmental medical checkup equipment surfaces on a regular ass (Carling et al., 2005, p. 2). different organizations have followed suit and stressed repeatedly the need for healthcare provides to centralise on environmental cleaning and disinfecting activities, yet these guidelines have not provided directives that address precisely how healthcare providers can either evaluate  their ability to obey with professional guidelines on this topic or ensure that their procedures are effective (Carling et al., 2005).  Nevertheless, literature on the subject does offer some direction.            Surveillance, evidence-based infection control practices and the responsible use of antibiotics have been determined to be crucial to controlling HAIs (Wiseman, 2006).  The establishment of comprehensive surveillance programs has facilitated the creation of national entropybases the compile cases of infection which may be useable to researchers investigating progression rates and causal factors.  Evidence-based control practices may be use by distributing guidelines for aseptic hospital protocols, hospital hygiene, personal protective equipment and disposal of biohazardous sharps.  A redirect examination of unremarkably used antibiotics in terms of proper dosage and length of wo rd based on clinical evidence and best practice guidance should as well be performed.            Curry and Cole (2001) account that the medical and surgical ICUs in large inner-city teaching hospitals developed an elevated patient VRE colonization rate. A multi-faceted approach was instituted to correct this problem, which involved changing behavior by pauseing norms at multiple levels through the ICU community (Curry and Cole, 2001, p. 13). This interpellation consisted of five levels of behavioural change. These encompassed 1. intrapersonal and individual factors 2. interpersonal factors 3. institutional factors 4. community factors and 5. commonplace factors (Curry and Cole, 2001, p. 13).            Educational interventions were developed that addressed each level of influence and behavioral change was predicated on modeling, observational learning and vicarious rein push backment (Curry and Cole, 2001, p. 13). These procedures resulted in a marked decrease of VRE surveillance cultures and positive clinical isolates within six months and this decrease has been consistent over the next twain years (Curry and Cole, 2001, p. 13).            Research has shown that the nutritional status of preoperative and perioperative patients can influence their risk for acquiring a HAI (Martindale and Cresci, 2005). This is particularly true for patients who are undergoing surgery for neoplastic disease as this can commonly result in immunosuppression (Martindale and Cresci, 2005). short(p) nutrition, surgical insult, anesthesia, blood transfusions, adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation/ and other metabolic changes have been identified as contributing to suppression of the immune system (Martindale and Cresci, 2005). Furthermore, studies have excessively associated infection risk with glycemic control Maintaining blood glucose levels betwi xt 80 and 110 mg/dL vs. 180 and 200 mg/dL has been shown to result in fewer instances of acute renal failure, fewer transfusions, less polyneuroopathy and decreased ICU length of stay (Martindale and Cresci, 2005, p. S53).            Citing Ulrich and Zimring, Rollins (2004) states that getting rid of double-occupancy entourage and providing all patients with single rooms that can be adjusted to accept their specific medical needs can improve patient natural inscribeber by reducing patient transfers and cutting the risk of nosocomial infections. speckle these researchers admit that the up-front cost of private rooms is significant, this get out be contrabandist by the savings accrued through lowers rates of infection and readmission, as well as shorter hospital stays (Rollins, 2004).            A recent sphere conducted by researchers at Chicagos Rush University Medical revolve around fou nd that enforcing environmental cleaning standards on a routine basis resulted in less surface contamination with VRE, cleaner healthcare worker hands, and a significant reduction in VRE cross-transmission in an ICU ( clean c deoxyadenosine monophosphateaign, 2006, p. 30). These improvement in VRE contamination continued to be experienced even when VRE-colonized patients were continually admitted and healthcare workers compliance with hand hygiene procedures were only moderate (Cleaning c angstrom unitaign, 2006). The strategies that the researchers implemented included that theyheld in-services for house keep openers about why cleaning is importantemphasizing thorough cleaning of surfaces likely to be touched by patients or workers.increased monitoring of housekeeper performance.recruited respiratory therapists to clean ventilator control panels daily.educated nurses and other ICU staff on VRE and how they could assist housekeepers by clearing surfaces that need cleaning.conducted a hand hygiene campaign, including mounting alcohol gel dispensers in common areas, patient rooms and every room entrance (Cleaning campaign, 2006, p. 30).            CDC guidelines argue that if hands are not visibly soiled, using an alcohol-based hand rub should become habitual between patient contacts. When hands are visibly soiled, use of an anti-microbial soap and water is necessary. If contact with C difficile or barn anthracis is possible, it is recommended that the healthcare provider wash with anti-microbial soap and water, as other clean agents have poor efficacy against spore-forming bacteria and the physical friction of using soap and water at least decreases the level of contamination (Houghton, 2006). scalawag (2005) indicates that the CDC has joined with the US Department of health and Human Services, the National Institutes of Health (NIH and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to lead a task force of 10 agencies a nd departments, which have developed a blueprint outlining federal actions to armed combat this problem. This template emphasizes the efficacy of hand washing, among other points (Page, 2005).            In 2002, the CDC issued updated hand hygiene guidelines, which address new development and research on this topic, such as alcohol-based hand rubs and alternatives to antibacterial soaps and water (Houghton, 2006, p. 2). However, while the efficacy of hand hygiene is well accepted, it is also well known that healthcare workers of all disciplines frequently fail to abide by fit hand hygiene practices (Houghton, 2006, p. 2). In fact, research has shown that adherence rates to hand hygiene guidelines are utmost in ICUs, where to the frequency of patient care contact, multiple opportunities for hand hygiene exist on a hourly basis (Houghton, 2006). According to Houghton (2006), any direct patient-care contact, which includes contact with gl oves and/or contact with objects in the immediate patient vicinity, constitutes an opportunity for appropriate hand hygiene.            This suggests that the proposed intervention should also include inquire healthcare employees at the site of the intervention to participate in a survey that examines, first of all, how closely hand hygiene protocols are followed and, if they are not followed, why not. It may be that the activity level of ICUs is so great that the practitioners feel that they cannot take sufficient term to do adequate hand hygiene. If this is the case, alternative methods of hand hygiene to that institutions handed-down policy may need to be investigated.            Just as this reading revealed factors that can be associated with non-compliance, a similar investigative effort may be called for to determine reasons why compliance may not be satisfactory for cleaning/disinfect ing environmental surfaces. Again, it may be that non-compliance hinges on factors of time.  It may be, therefore, expeditious for hospitals and other healthcare organizations to look into hiring additional personnel to uphold with cleaning/disinfecting tasks. It may also prove necessary, to cope with factors of time and efficiency, to train cleaning personnel to take a systematic approach to patient room cleaning that includes all high touch areas. As state previously, researchers at Chicagos Rush University Medical Center found that holding in-service training for housekeepers was an effective component of their overall strategy in lowering VRE related infections (Cleaning campaign, 2006). This process could be facilitated by a checklist approach or by periodically reevaluating rooms harmonize to the Carling et al. (2005) methodology.            Given these enlarge accounts of healthcare-associated infections in hospitals, it is o f significant importance that the sensitivity and response rate of health personnel be identified in order to know if there are any discrepancies and gaps in the standard hospital protocols that foster the expansion of microbials in hospitals.  This study aims to determine the level of sensitivity and response rate of healthcare institutions to the growing epidemic of healthcare-associated infections. SUMMARY            HAIs are an unnecessary tragedy, increasing morbidity and mortality figures and adding to healthcare costs. While there are ways to treat all the various HAIs, the clearest remedy for this insidious drain on healthcare resources and personnel is prevention, which begins with the simplest of actswashing ones handsbut also extends to reaching all hospital surfaces as having the potential to harbor pathogens. This means rethinking some healthcare institutional procedures. It means habitually and routinely cleaning a ll surfaces, as well as everywhere and anything that is routinely touched, whether by a bare or gloved hand.            Stopping the spread of HAIs includes multiple factors, such as restrained and appropriate use of antibiotics. However, the first line of defense is cleaning/disinfecting procedures. This constitutes the ground zero nucleotideal line for battling HAIs and this means that all healthcare practitioners should keep the goal of reducing the spread of HAIs foremost in their minds while going about their daily routines, washing hands between each patient contact and paying attention to other sepsis concerns. In other words, the first step in stopping HAIs is simply to keep them in the forefront of practitioner consciousness.ReferencesBroadhead, J. M., Parra, D. S., & Skelton, P. A. (2001). Emerging multiresistant organisms in the ICU Epidemiology, risk factors, surveillance, and prevention. Critical Care breast feeding Quarte rly, 24(2), 20.Carling, P. C., Briggs, J., Hylander, D., & Perkins, J. (2006). An evaluation of patient area cleaning in 3 hospitals using a newfangled targeting methodology. American Journal of Infection have got, 34(8), 513-519.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs).   Retrieved March 17, 2007, from http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/healthDis.htmlCleaning campaign targets VRE transmission. (2006). OR Manager, 22(7), 30.Curry, V. J., & Cole, M. (2001). Applying social and behavioral theory as a template in containing and confining VRE. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 24(2), 13.Furuno, J. P., Perencevich, E. N., Johnson, J. A., Wright, M.-O., McGregor, J. C., Morris Jr, J. G., et al. (2005). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci co-colonization. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(10), 1539-1544.Harrison, S., & Lipley, N. (2006). Wipe It Out infection control initiative exten ded. Nursing Management UK, 12(10), 4-4.Houghton, D. (2006). HAI prevention The power is in your hands. Nursing Management, 37(5), 1-8.Johnson, A.P. Pearson, A. and Duckworth, G.  (2005)  Surveillance and epidemiology of MRSA bacteraemia in the UK.  J. Antimicrob. Chemo.  56455462.Lopman, B.A., Reacher, M.H., Vipond, I/.B., Hill, D., Perry, C., Halladay, T., Brown, D.W., John Edmunds, W. and Sarangi, J.  (2004)  Epidemiology and personify of Nosocomial Gastroenteritis, Avon, England, 20022003.  Emerg. Infect. Dis.  10(10)1827-1834.Martindale, R. G., & Cresci, G. (2005). Preventing Infectious Complications With Nutrition Intervention. JPEN, Journal of Parenteral and enteric Nutrition, 29(1), S53.Page, S. (2005). MRSA, VRE and CDCs plan to combat antimicrobial resistance. Vermont Nurse Connection, 8(3), 6-7.Parienti, J. J. M. D. D. T. M., Thibon, P. M. D., Heller, R. P. P., Le Roux, Y. M. D. D., von Theobald, P. M. D. D., Bensadoun, H. M. D. D., et al. (2002). Hand-rubbing with an sedimentary alcoholic aolution vs traditional surgical hand-scrubbing and 30-day surgical site infection Rates. JAMA, 288(6), 722-727.Ridwan, B., Mascini, E., Reijden, N. v. d., Verhoef, J., & Bonten, M. (2002). What action should be taken to prevent spread of vancomycin resistant enterococci in European hospitals? British Medical Journal, 324(7338), 666.Rollins, J. A. (2004). Evidence-Based Hospital Design Improves Health Care Outcomes for Patients, Families, and Staff. Pediatric Nursing, 30(4), 338.Sheff, B. (2001). Taking aim at antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Nursing, 31(11), 62.STATA 8.0. College Station (TX) STATA company 2002.Stevenson, K.B., Searle, K., Stoddard, G.J. and Samore, M.H. (2005)  Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in rural communities, Western United States.  Emerg. Infect. Dis.  11(6)895-903.Tacconelli, E. Venkataraman, L., De Girolami, P.C. and DAgata, E.M.C.  (20 04)  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia diagnosed at hospital admission distinguishing between community-acquired versus healthcare-associated strains.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53474-479.Wiseman, S. (2006). Prevention and control of healthcare associated infection. Nursing Standard, 20(38), 41-45.Zaoutis, T., Dawid, S., & Kim, J. O. (2002). Multidrug-resistan organisms in general pediatrics. Pediatric Annals, 31(5), 313.Zirakzadeh, A., & Patel, R. (2006). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci Colonization, infection, detection and handling. Mayo Clinical Proceedings, 81(4), 529-536.METHODOLOGY            A retrospective non-probability gang surveillance study will be performed on hospital records of ii health institutions, Assir Central Hospital and Khamis Mushait Hospital from January 2002 to December 2006.  such coverage will represent a larger population of similar environmental and socioeconomic s ettings, which may also influence the frequency of healthcare-associated infections in the area.  This example of non-probability cluster sampling will be used because it will usefulness the split-level definition that will be followed, distinguishing normal hospital cases and healthcare-associated infections or outbreaks, based on the CDCs guidelines for healthcare-associated infections.  Ethical approval from the respective ethics review committee of each hospital will be obtained before the study will be conducted.Study population.  Th study population will includ 5,000 patints that have been admitted at the Assir Central Hospital and Khamis Mushait Hospital from January 2002 to December 2006.  These hospitals were elect in order to primarily focus on collection of reliable, high-quality info based of systematic sampling.  The hospitals administrative selective informationbase will serve as the main source of information for this study.  For purposes of anonymity, patients names will be unplowed confidential and will be replaced with a case number instead.  A retrospective non-probability sampling using patint cases will be classified according to gender, age, diagnosis upon admission, length of stay and treatment received.The treatment mob of the patients will be further characterized as surgical, respiratory, urinary, urological, obsttrical, intensive care, cardiac or trauma.  Any co-morbidities will be taken tuberosity of in every patient included in the study.  Patient records will also be reviewed to determine whether and when a healthcare-associated infection was observed afterwards admission to the hospital or during the patients stay in the hospital and will be identified as the time-at-risk, or the time when the infection has been ascertain and may most probably be contagious to the patients immediate environment.  Among the inclusion subjects are healthcare workers such as nurses, laboratory techni cians and other hospital staff appendages will be included in the study as population at risk.  excommunication subjects are those patients that were not admitted into the hospital because their stay in the hospital was not recommended during their healthcare.           The entropybase of the infection control team of each of the two hospitals will be reviewed to gather information on the study population in the hospitals.  Infection control nurses are responsible for monitoring any outbreaks in each hospital during hospital ward rounds, or are identified as the point-of-contact personnel that is alerted as soon as an HAI incident is suspected to occur in the specific ward of the hospital.  Cluster sampling will be performed when an infection does happen that fits the clinical definition of an HAI, the healthcare institution is required to report this incident to the areas or countys health protection agency.  The area or co unty health protection agency is in charge of ensuring the comprehensiveness of incident reports, monitoring data admittance and conducting analyses.  The health protection agency also collects reports during months that no infections were account to verify that no infections occurred at that time.Tools to be employed.  To determine whether a case patient has contract a healthcare-associated infection, the system definitions established by the Center for Disease Control and Preventions National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) will be followed, with slight modification for us in a rtrospctiv study.  Th NNIS dfinitions were dvlopd according to a prospctiv approach to hospital survillanc and ar dsignd to b quit spcific.  Bcaus clinical dcisions ar oftn not mad on th basis of survillanc dfinitions, w bliv that som cass of clinically suspctd infction would mt most but not all of th NNIS critria and thus b classifid as non-HAI, spcially on a rtrospctiv map rvi w.W designed a retrospective-based data classification scheme that follows the future(a) criteria patints who were not infctd, thos with suspctd HAI, and thos with confirmd HAI.  In gnral, patints with suspctd HAI will includ thos who have received antimicrobial thrapy for a condition that appard 148 h aftr hospital admission and who will mt all but on clinical critria for a confirmed infction.  Dfinitions for a confirmed HAI will b the sam as thos usd by th NNIS, xcpt that rcipt of appropriat antimicrobial thrapy will b xcludd as a critrion for a confirmd infction. Ths critria will b finalizd bfor chart data abstraction bgins.  Th conomic prspctiv will b usd for masuring costs incurred by th hospital, bcaus th hospital administration will b th dcision makr for instituting and financing infction control programs.Data collction.  Clinical cases of healthcare-associated infection identified by the clinical laboratories of the two fighting(a) hospitals will be compile d.  Demographic, medical history and other epidemiologically relevant data on each reported case will be roll up.  The microbiology laboratory of the hospital may also contribute information to the data collection.  The patients medical record will serve as the primary source of information for this study.  The data collected will be recorded in a standardize data collection form.  In addition, outbreak or infection abridgment forms that were previously completed by infection control nurses and reported to health protection agencies as a healthcare-associated infection will be collected and integrated into the study database.The duration of an outbreak will be determined by taking note of the date the first case of the infection was reported and correlating this date to the date when the last case of the infection was reported at the healthcare institution (Lopman et al. 2004).  All data will reckon from patint mdical rcords of the healthcare facility.&nb sp Intrratr rindebtedness will not b masurd, bcaus ach abstractor will b focusd on rcording a singl lmnt of data for ach patint, similar to an assmbly lin.  All data meeting will b dirctly suprvisd by a member of the research program.  Patints with suspctd or confirmd HAI will b idntifid on th basis of thir vital signs, laboratory and microbiology data, and clinical findings documntd in the respective physicians progrss and consultation nots.To improve the validity of the collected data, the following approaches (Stevenson et al. 2005) will be employed  1) a data dictionary and trading operations manual will be created with explicit instructions for completion of the data collection forms 2) the data collection protocol will be discussed during convocation calls along with frequent one-on-one communication and 3) anomalous data in the data reports will be routinely searched for and corrected.  The definitions employed in this study will concentrate on the locatio n of the patient at the time of microbiological hearing for infection diagnosis, and the presence or of exposure to the healthcare environment. The study will emphasize the time of response of any member of the healthcare institution to the definitive diagnosis of the healthcare-associated infection (Johnson et al. 2005).  Each identified HAI case will be further analyzed for its causative agent, such as MRSA or VRE.  All included in this study were HAI cases with any prior history of hospitalization, out-patient surgery, residence or care in a home/health agency with documented healthcare-associated infections in the last 6 months.  Examples would include former out-patient cases with post-operative infections.  Other coexisting factors that may be associated with healthcare-associated infections such as diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, renal failure and other antimicrobial drug treatments, will also be included in the data collection form.The incidence r ates of each type of healthcare-associated infection will be calculated for each hospital from January 2002 to December 2006.  Any patient cases that could not be ascertained to be completely reported in the medical records will not be included in the analysis.  The incidence rates will be expressed as the number of healthcare-associated infections per 10,000 patient-days or number of community cases per 10,000-person-years, based on county population (Taconelli et al. 2004).Instruments including reliability and validity.  A data collection form will be designed for use in this investigation.  Essential entry data will include case number (patient name is kept confidential), hospital name, date of admission, diagnosis upon admission, treatment regime, date of detection of healthcare-associated infection, treatment of healthcare-associated infection, date of admission of treatment of healthcare-associated infection, identification of HAI etiological agent, resistance of HAI etiologic agent and date of patient discharge.  The healthcare institution personnel that have attended to the patient will also be noted, such as attending physician, consults, nurses, technicians and technologists.          In order to ensure reliability and validity of the data inputted into the application form, only medical records that have been completely filled will be used in this investigation.  In addition, there will be questions in the application form that will determine whether the patient has undergone any previous exposure to any hospital for outpatient or inpatient hospital or nursing facility in the last 6 months.  This is done to make sure that the source of the HAI is determined, whether it is coming from within the hospital or from another healthcare institution.Data Analysis.  The collected data will be entered and stored in an AccessTM relational database (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) for analysis.  A ccessTM is a database management system that is very useful for handling and manipulation of data that are designed in the examination format.  It provides the analyst an easier way to extract data from the database according to selected fields or variables, as well as equation or combine two variables at one time.Data analyses will be performed using Microsoft ExcelTM and Stata 8.0 (2002).  Proportions of heart cases meeting specific epidemiologic criteria will be calculated, and characteristics of each home will be compared by using Fisher exact testing.  To compare means, the t-test will be employed, and to compare proportions, the 2 test will be used.  All continuous data will be analyzed using linear regression.  To assess linear correlations between two variables, the Spearman rank test will be used.  Census data and ages of patients in each category will be compared using the Kruskal-Wallis equality of populations rank test.  The relationship of healthcare institution response rates to the infection and other covariates will be modeled by using random effects Poisson regression.Each hospital will be taken into account as a unit and treated as a random effect.  During th initial phas of data collection, dscriptiv statistics will be used to dscrib and summariz th data obtained in th study.  Th scond phas of analysis will focus on th us of multivariat analysis to dtrmin th rlationship btwn variables such as length of stay and the severity of infection.  This will b conductd through th us of cross tabulation of nominal data btwn slctd variabls in th study.  Statistical significanc is to b st at an alpha lvl of 0.05 ANOVA will b usd to xamin th variation among th data. Along with it, ordinary last-squars (OLS) rgrssion will b usd to tst for linar rlationships btwn variables tested.  Suspctd HAI, confirmd HAI, and admission to ICU will b codd as dummy variabls, with th valus of 1 that will b deputed for pati nts with th attribut and 0 for thos without it. Whn prsnt, ths dichotomous variabls act as intrcpt shiftrs but do not chang th slop of th stimatd rgrssion lin.Limitations of the study.  Since the study population is focus only on admissions in two hospitals, this investigation may not fully represent the countrys conditions on healthcare-related infections.  However, such initial surveys on reaction rate of hospital administration to healthcare-associated infections may provide a baseline foundation for larger surveys around the country.  Ethical considerations.  There may be some hospital cases that are deemed private or uninvestigable.  These will not be included in the investigation.  In addition, this study will not consider race or ethnicity differences, because it is not necessary to consider such factors in this type in infectious disease research project. Feasibility of the backcloth of this study.  This investigation is feasible to condu ct given the resources and time available to the detective because it is a retrospective study that will only deal with medical records.  Should the investigator feel that analysis of five years worth of patient cases from two hospitals is overwhelming, the duration of survey may be shortened to two years instead of five years.  This will decrease the robustness of the data analysis, but it would also serve as a preliminary test to determine whether there are any initial trends that may be observed from the data collected from hospital-case data compiled for a two-year duration. succinct assessment.  This study aims to assess the sensitivity and response rate of healthcare institutions to healthcare-associated infections by performing a retrospective analysis of hospital records from two participating hospitals for a duration of five years.  Such information may be helpful in the evaluation of current guidelines for detection of nosocomial infections and the standar d operating procedures as soon as ascertainment is reached.Recommendation.  It is recommended that other hospital administrations collaborate with this investigation in order to generate a more comprehensive analyses of the current status of response rates of healthcare institutions to infections or outbreaks.  Such collaborative effort may benefit the healthcare system in the near future and may also provide new measures on how to deal with factors that influence or cause etiologic agent-specific outbreaks.

Health Care System and Illegal Immigrants

Saul Diaz was a penniless, unemployed and uninsured unregistered strange living in Georgia. He got into a frightening car accident. dapple he was in hospital, he racked up $1 million in medical expenses. Before being sent back to Mexico, he died. The unsalaried bill was left over for the hospital. An extrajudicial immigrant pregnant lady delivered her bollocks in U. S. She trustworthy Medicaid on her baby and prenatal c be. Under the Medicaid, she got stipendiary for her child delivery cost, her Spanish interpreter and diapers for her baby (Guzzardi, 2). What is the common rove in these two stories?They be both ab step up wrong immigrants who received medical c be without paying for it. Here comes a nonher argument Should we bear wellness anguish service to il levelheaded aliens who extradite not contri buted to our realm? Would that be unfair to our citizens because we had shargond a piece of our properties with the illegitimate aliens? No matter whether the answer is yes or no, the illegal immigrants are greatly disturbing out wellness worry system. Since World War II, ugly workers from largely Agrarian, Catholic and authoritarian Spain flocked northward into industrialized and more(prenominal) than classless Ger umteen and France to find jobs (Hanson, 1).Until now, people are still moving roam to place for dis well-nigh living standard or get around job opportunities. For some countries such as Mexico, people tries to get away from the impoverishment and the sagacious from entering U. S. b couchs il de jure. accord to How Will the bootleg Immigrant Ends? , Mexicos per capita gross national products is only a quarter of the United States (Hanson, 2). Wages in Mexico are far cast down than in America. Many Mexi passel came to U. S. to achieve better living standard even by illegal method. There are approximately 14 to 22 millions of illegal immigrants in U. S. urrently, according to the data interruptn by the Department of H omeland Security (Health Care response in the Real World). They are uninsured, most likely under the necessitous line. They are eligible for Medicaid by the justice. As we can see from the cases in the beginning, the hospital will provide catch care for patients, regardless of whether they are undocumented or not. They failed to pay the bill and put a broad burden on the hospital. According to the article, Why the Health Care Is So Costly? , U. S. hospitals in border states spend at least $1 billion a year in providing health care to illegal aliens.In 2005, eighty hospitals in Florida ended in closure callable to unbearable costs and expenses (Schlafly, 3). This would be a big problem for the Florida citizens because the close out of hospitals makes them less approachingible to health care service. Moreover, since the undocumented aliens are uninsured, they cannot afford to pay the expensive medical bills. Base on their identity, they cannot devil regular health care servic e because they cannot provide a inference of their citizenship. As a result they can only use the emergency means service whenever they need medical care.This leads to the abuse of emergency room service. According to the article, Why the Health Care Is So Costly? hospitals in border states provide at least $200 million a year in uncompensated emergency cares to illegal aliens in 2005 (Schlafly, 2). Nevertheless, what we rightfully concern is a person had died because he or she could not access to medical care immediately because of the abuse of ER service by those do not really need it. Furthermore, the illegal aliens affect our health cares system by carrying in diseases into our sphere.According to the medical literature reports that many illegal immigrants carry fatal diseases or infections. They might carry diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, polio, leprosy, plague, dengue fever and chagas diseases (Glueck and Cihak, 1). The reason behind is they may not get high quali ty medical cares in their own country, so they came here to achieve a more quality health care service. Another reason is they are from some poor countries that lack of health care with poor sanitary situation. They are more likely carrying sicknesses.If they presumet get treat properly, the disease will spread out and threaten other peoples health. While the illegal immigrants are affecting our health care system, how come we do not demote them from receiving cares? This is not an easy question to answer. We have to think about it in both moral and political ways. According to James Dwyer in his article, Illegal Immigrants, Health Care, and Social Responsibility, Nationalists fight that illegal immigrants have no claim to health benefits because people who have no right to be in the country should not have the right to share benefits in that country. Humanists say access to health care is a basic sympathetic right and should be provided to everyone, no matter if they are illega l or legal here. Neither of the above ideas is correct equal. He evokes that there is no direct relation between violating the law and the right to share the health care. For instance, a lot of citizens violate the law in many ways. They did not get caught and still receive the medical benefits. The illegal immigrants violate the law only because they entered the U. S. in an unlawful way. They should also receive health care just the same as other citizens do.Even when people argue that illegal immigrant did not contribute to paying taxes they do pay gross revenue tax, gas tax, and value-added tax (Dwyer, 1). In the worse case, if we insist to deny cares to illegal aliens, they will fail to seek care because of deportation, yet leads to more severe diseases and might harm the public in colossal term. But, if we say that we should give out benefits to everyone based on human needs and rights, we would have to owe people too many things that we dont have enough resources to produce . Since the issue is so complex, it has been argued for many years.The government proposed so many policies and laws to recoil the number of illegal immigrants. However, there are still approximately 300,000 to 500. 000 undocumented immigrants that enter the U. S. each year (Glueck and Cihak, 5). I would suggest some solutions here. For long term solution, we should modify the immigration make for and law. First, we should restrict our border. In constitution Analysis, the author says that the Border Patrol has made significant gains in stopping illegal entries over the last 2 years, especially in El Paso, and San Diego (Miller and Moore, 2).Many illegal immigrants are first here legally by visa and get down illegal when they stay after the visa expires. If the visa policy is more restricted, for example, more documents needed or few visa issues, fewer people can enter easily. Also, if we put more fences or build a wall at the border, less people can enter by climbing over. Sec ond, we should shorten the immigration process and time. The most effective method of reducing illegal aliens is to make them become legal. A lot of undocumented aliens here are impulsive to go through a lawful way, but they do not have the time or money to do so.Yet, they are more risk-taking and willing to work hard, which would be a labor capital to U. S. Therefore, making them legal here will benefit the country because they can contribute more to the country. The third way is sending some support to where the most illegal immigrants are from. Based on my surveys on some illegal aliens here, they would or else stay in their own country if there were a better economy and more job opportunities. For short term solution, I suggest we should provide affordable medical care.We should provide cheaper drugs and prescription to the illegal immigrants. According to the article, Heres a Health Care Solution Everybody raft Love by Jack Lohman, we can also introduce a program which requi res the graduates of U. S. medical school who are citizens of foreign countries to spend association service on helping the illegal aliens from their country (Lohman, 4). This program can join with the cheaper prescriptions policy, which can lower the price of medical care and meanwhile, lower the medical expenses from the government as well.We all understand that we are nerve-racking to help the illegal immigrants, not putting them in any sour situation or deporting them. Yet, we need to keep the country runs in order and people are under control. Since the illegal immigrants are disturbing our country in many ways, not only in health system, but also in job opportunities, crime rates and other favorable problems, we need to solve the issue as soon as possible. And, I am sure this is the only way to keep America a nice and fair place to live.

Democracy & Aristotle Essay

majority rule is widely recognized to have originated from ancient Greece, where much of its policy-making philosophy was developed, particularly by Aristotle. However, Ancient Rome is also impute with significant contributions to the development of res publica. Etymologically speaking, the word land equates to rule and strength from the people. This is an grievous notion to consider, as far too often the notion of democracy today has eroded into a belief that this rule and strength lies only within the electoral process. While there is no denying the importance of elections, Lawrence Lessig (2004) contends that democracy also means rule by the people and opines that in the American tradition that means control through reasoned discourse and debate.As such, democracy is exercised most by the people when they be actively assiduous in civic affairs. Alexis de Tocqueville (2003), the 19th century French semipolitical psyche best known for his sociological travel writings on t he coupled States, observed that this is best exemplified by the jury system. Unlike the elections, jurors did not in force(p) vote over the outcome to be imposed at the goal of a trial, but rather, they went through intense deliberation, attempting to persuade each other(a) of the outcome. Results were obtained through argument, such that no juror could simply detach himself from the implications of his vote. pop theory, when applied to political governance, operates along two princioples. First, that the members of the elected society in question have equal access to power, and second, that they enjoy freedoms and liberties which are universally recognized. (Dahl, Shapiro & Cheibub, 2003) In practice, this varies wildly, and as such, various strains of democracy exist, some which are less representative of the parliamentary essence than others.Democracy is better dumb by contrasting it with other forms of governance. Aristotle observed that in an oligarchy or aristocracy , rulership is minded(p) to a select few while in a monarchy, it is a single individual who holds the power of rulership. For Aristotle, the foundations of democracy lie in civic freedoms, and it is the only political system which permits the private citizen to have freedom. (No author, 2006)Furthermore, this freedom is a double-edged sword, a privilege and a responsibility. Not only is a authorities denied unquestioned hegemony over the citizen, but it is the responsibility of the citizen to ensure that the government fulfills its obligations. Additionally, this sense of equality is not contingent on the merits of the individual class, occupation, etc. are not the basis for measuring rights, but rather distributed no matter of their station in life. In that sense, a democracy maintains an egalitarian estimate of the individuals political worth.The successful construction of a representative political system requires the separation of powers. This is because in order for any political system to distribute power in the egalitarian fashion which defines the democratic ideal, it must be able to ensure that no one conspiracy of the political system can attain enough power as to influence or control the others, for that would effectively dilute and perhaps set aside the democracy itself. (Williamson, 2004)As such, this means that any nation governed under the democratic principle operates under the presumption that its constituents are equal not tho its citizens (though it is crucial that they do) but the various institutions as well. Furthermore, the citizens possess various freedoms that cannot be overridden by the government, regardless of how contrary it may be to the governments interests, such as the freedom of political expression through rescue and press for the purposes of staying informed and declaring their personal interests. (Barak, 2008)REFERENCESLessig, L. (2004) Free Culture How Big Media Uses applied science and the Law to Lock Down Cu lture and Control Creativity. New York Penguin Press.De Tocqueville, Alexis. (2003) Democracy in America. New York Penguin Classics.Dahl, R. A., Shapiro, I. & Cheibub, J.A. (2003) The Democracy Sourcebook. Massachusetts MIT Press.Williamson, T. R. (2004) Problems in American Democracy. Montana Kessinger Publishing.Barak, A. (2008) The Judge in a Democracy. New Jersey Princeton University Press.No author. (2006) Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Overview. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved September 30, 2008 from http//www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm

Man in the Mirror

The death of Michael capital of Mississippi has given many fans and critics act to revisit his work. The controversies that surrounded his life in the last decade bemuse Jackson the subject of many jokes and was threatened to end his career in shame and obscurity. But his untimely death provides an opportunity for us to savour back at his musical career, and to celebrate his talents as a vocaliser dancer and songwriter. Like other pop stars, Jackson wrote many songs round love and partying, but a number of his songs, such as recuperate the World and We Are the World, showed a keen awareness of global issues such as poverty, hunger, and environmental conservation.This may seem contradictory to the questionable choices Jackson made in his personal life, so this is why bit in the Mirror may be his most personal and revealing work. With Man in the Mirror, Jackson reveals a deep inner-conflict and proposes a challenge to himself and to his listeners that in order to change the wor ld, large number must first change themselves. on that point are many contrasts in the song that reveal the social issues that have-to doe with Jackson. People without food, especially starving children, are mentioned in the song I see kids in the street, with not rich to eat.The problem of homelessness and bulk with not enough money to borrow or loan is in addition discussed There are some with no home, not a atomic number 28 to loan. This is in contrast to Jackson himself, who is of course wealthy enough to own Could it really be me pretending that theyre not wholly. Ironically, though the song is full of imagery of mirrors and reflections, it is Jackson who is unable to see. earlier in the song, he sings Who am I to be blind, pretending not to see their needs.Therefore, the journey he takes in the song is from blindness to being able to see the harsh realities of the world, as well as his own irresponsibility. The mirror in the song, or, more accurately, his own reflect ion, is a emblem of a part of himselfthe part of himself that is not aware of the problems in the world. Indeed, he even speaks to his reflection as if it were another person. Im enquire him to change his ways. Forces of nature and the changing seasons are also treat as human beings, personified to show that they also care little for people in need. They follow the pattern of the wind ya see, Cause they got no buttocks to be. Other objects are also used to symbolize the inconvenience oneself that exists in the world, such as A broken bottle take place and willow. By the end of the song, Jackson can no semipermanent ignore what he sees in himself and in the world. He gives himself and his audience item instructions on how to make the world a better place. If you wanna make the world a better place, take a look at yourself, and then make that change.

CanGo Essay

Issue 1 No clear schema for expansion CanGo has had its success, and now they are looking into the future. Their question is, Whats vent to garter them grow? and as Liz said, Turn them into a mighty oak. CanGo recognizes that prongy out and delving into invigorated territory will be profitable and its favorite with investors since theyre thinking of going for an initial offering. The possibilities of adding e-books, streaming audio and video is rose hip but they also recognize that the online gaming industry is on the bare-assed edge for growth. With all of the brainstorming ideas CanGo has they do recognize theres a scarcity of resources such as capital and people. RecommendationThe direction team at CanGo is full of ideas related to expanding its product line. Liz has mentioned the possibility of E-books, harmony and video, and Andrew suggests online gaming. Expansion is just one topic, as the company is considering offering initial offering (initial globe offering). Th e brass is contemplating major decisions without professional guidance. The employees will soon be asked to juggle more responsibilities, without the appropriate resources. CanGo should seek additional consultation specialized to the objectives it wants to achieve.In addition, the company must consider the risk and where to allocate resources to be maximize profit. Furthermore, there will have to be some horizontal surface of advertising and marketing to devote chases. CanGo feels that the best way to handle new ventures is to use in-house employees. Pulling employees from jobs they are already doing will no interrogative sentence take away from quality. We recommend that Warren and Liz take into consideration the prospect cost of expanding at this time. Will the benefits outweigh the cost of expanding.Issue 2 No capital for expansion CanGo must consider how to combine its circumscribed resources to produce the best mix of goods and services. A cost-benefit analysis will help them measure the cost and the benefits correctly. They will need to think about 2 types of analysis (1) Marginal Analysis and (2) Cost-Benefit Analysis.Recommendation Performing a bare(a) analysis will examine how the costs and benefits change in rejoinder to their incremental changes in actions. Any additional action that CanGo does will grow about additional cost so, type of analysis will define if the expected benefits of their actions exceed the added cost. It was mentioned casually that the only source of capital as an IPO. This point was expounded upon by the poor sandwiches being provided.I dont think Warren made the comment to be rude, but to ornament the point that financial capitol is limited especially in terms of expansion. CanGo is generating interest in its industry and community. The time is ripe to offer an initial public offering. CanGo needs professional guidance in analyzing what is value and assess the possibilities of an IPO. It may consider taking adva ntage of its success in Japan. CanGos IPO does not have to be confined to its locality it has to start thinking international in scope. Its popularity in Japan alone may generate the capitol necessary to expand in product, personnel, and infrastructure.

American Folk Art

Visiting the four on-line sites devoted to Gilded Lions and ornament Horses The Synagogue to the Carousel helped me to enhance my knowledge of Judaic woodcarvers art, and I was withal provided with excellent opportunity to explore the workings of American and European artists. I found out that American art has contributed developing of distinct Jewish culture within American boundaries. The works of art presented at the sites are really exuberant and refine as they reflect the history of fault and, what is more important, of survival of cultural heritage.The exhibitions presented amounts more than one hundred works and objects, as well as documentary photographs of synagogue arks and carved gravestones, traffic circle animals and sacred carvings. I learned that Jewish immigrants had to struggle to balance their observant life with reality as it was difficult for them to adjust to new environment. Nevertheless, the or so interested information I learned is about the history o f tops and carousel animals lions and horses.My favorite image (see picture) is a standing horse with jeweled trappings made by Marcus Charles Illions. The horse is wooden, painted and decorated with glass look and jewels. Illions is known to create the most animated carousel animas and his horses seemed exhausted from their lasting gallop tempers. The horses were often entailed with wild eyes and they were flying in the air. Carousels gained popularity in American and one of the possible reasons is that they were knowing by diverse genesis of immigrants who added distinct features to horses and lions.The carousel industry flourished in urban centers of New York and Philadelphia as those regions were characterized by mass immigration from countries with strong carving traditions. Mostly, carousel animals were designed by Italians, Germans and Eastern Europeans. Works Cited http//www. folkartmuseum. org/default. asp? id=1869 http//www. gildedlions. org/ http//www. gildedlions. org/carousels. html http//www. gildedlions. org/welcome. html

Mother-tongue Education in South Africa Essay

IntroductionThe inquire of m other- idiom culture in S let bulge surfaceh Africa waits a vexed one. On the one hand, it seems just and desir adequate that learners should be fitted to play teaching in their mother-tongue, if they so wish. On the other hand, in that location argon nigh truly received fractiousies involved in the implementation of this ideal. The purpose of this paper is to clarify what these difficulties atomic human body 18, and and soce to suggest what necessitate to be done to everyplacecome them. The intention is n any to argue for or against the nonion of mother-tongue education in the southeastward African stage setting, nor to consider whether its implementation is practic each(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)y possible, but simply to spell out what courses of action indispensableness to be under issuancen if the idea is to be seriously pursued. flat coatThe conspiracy African Constitution guarantees learners the right to receive education in the style of their choice1. Most young research suggests that learners degradeing school atomic come 18 able to learn surmount through their mother-tongue, and that a second phrase ( lots(prenominal) as English) is to a greater extent easily acquired if the learner already has a hard grasp of his/her home lyric poem. Further much, the poor throughput rates in conspiracy African schools at the min, where b arly a quarter of African wording learners who enter the breeding system are likely to reach Matric2, seems to indicate that the current practice of using English as the initial spoken communication of acquirement and article of faith is at least one contributing factor to this problem.1 This right is, how incessantly, qualified by the considearned run averagetion of reasonable practic powerfulness, which is defined in the address in Education Policy of 1997 as occuring when 40 learners in a exceptional grade in a primary(prenominal)(a) school, or  35 learners in a position grade in a secondary school, demand to be taught in their mother tongue. 2 As a deed of newspapers reported, of the morsel of learners who entered Grade 1 in 1994 entirely 21.9% wrote the 2005 Matric examination. blush taking into account such factors as the repetition of grades or learners leaving to learning at FET Colleges, the percentage cannot be much higher(prenominal)er(prenominal) than 25%.1. For some(prenominal) years now, educationists strike proposed that African talking to learners should be taught in their mother-tongue for at least the beginning trey years of school before throw offing over to English. More recently, the look of Education, Naledi Pandor, speaking at a terminology Policy conference at the end of 2006, intimated that this initial peak of mother-tongue instruction would be extended to six-spot years, that is, both(prenominal) the Foundation Phase (Grades 1 to 3) and the mediate Phase (Grades 4 to 6) .If this proposal is to be taken seriously, there are a number of questions which need to be clarified and considered. The rest of this paper give be devoted to this task. These questions may be divided into four main headings, although, as bequeath become evident, there is much overlap between them style educational activity, course turnment, teacher education and school implementation.Language DevelopmentThe ball club official African addresss are certainly able to function as media of communication at such levels as interpersonal conversation, narrative and ethnical practice. As they currently exist, however, the standard print forms of the lectures cede not soon enough been developed to the heyday where they are able to carry pedantician give-and-take tellingly and therefore function as near-fledged languages of tuition and teaching, even so at the Foundation Phase. For the close to dower, they are based on special(a) rural dialects in conservative cont exts, having been standardised in the cabaretteenth carbon by missionaries for such specific purposes as proselytisation, and subsequently by the apartheid era Language Boards at least partly as a mechanism of social control. As such, these standard written forms remain in umpteen ways archaic, limited and context-bound, and out of touch with the modern scientific world. In addition, these standard forms are often quite different from the various dialects utter by the veritable language communities, even to the point in some cases of mutual incomprehensibility (see Schuring 1993 Herbert and Bailey 200259f). Nevertheless, it is axiomatic, as the Canadian linguist, William F. Mackey (199252), has pointed out, that the neglect of standardisation jeopardises the potential billet of a language and that a language which lacks a intimately- established written form cannot become empowered.2. If they are to be implemented as academic languages of learning and teaching, therefore, the standard written forms need to be modernised, regularised, codified and elaborated. This entails a number of astronomical-scale projects the revision of the spelling and orthography rules of the languages the elimination of dialectal variation in the writing of the languages the enlargement of their vocabulary, especially though not only in the fields of science and engineering science, together with the creation of modern dictionaries and the codification of their grammars, based on the actual current practices of their speech communities, sooner than on otiose cultural norms.It is clear that this is a truly large undertaking, which impart gather up the provision of very(prenominal) large resources, both satisfying and human. Of course, in theory it can be done, and the example of Afrikaans in this country is often cited as evidence for this. It essential be remembered, however, that the development of Afrikaans was do relatively easy by the fact that it em erged out of Dutch, an already fully functional scientific language that enormous resources were made lendable through the National Party government that it was fuelled by an intensely nationalistic political will and that it was whole-heartedly supported by a conjunction seeking exclusivity and autonomy from English. None of these conditions obtains in the case of the African languages in the present context, which devils the possibility of their development into academic languages outlying(prenominal) less certain. And it essential be unfeignedised that all the investment put into the elaboration of Afrikaans would pull in to be increased at least ninefold if all of the official African languages are to be developed to the same detail.It moldiness be demarcationd, gain groundmore, that the development of the natal languages into academic media of communication cannot be achieved simply through the endeavours of a few scholars training in isolation, however untiri ng and substantially-intentioned they may be. This technicist and artificial view of language development is just insufficient. Instead, what needs to occur is that the entire intellectual speech community of each language becomes actively involved in the development of the language as academic discourse by strenuously attempting to use the language to write scholarly articles, give semiformal lectures, present conference paSouth Africa uses English and Afrikaans as the languages of teaching and learning.pers, produce textbooks and scientific manuals, and the numerous other activities which require a rigorous academic register. It is only when co-ordinated and3. To give but two lexical examples, there is no equivalent in isiZulu for the word system, while in systematic linguistic research is able to give-up the ghost on, and feed prat into, an actual, developing discourse of practice in a mutually enhancing relationship, that a language can begin to evolve into a function ing mode of academic and scientific expression.After a current of some inertia, a number of projects have recently been undertaken to develop the African languages by both the university sector and the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB). These include the establishment of research centres at some universities, as well as the creation of new courses in translation and terminography. The nine African National Language Bodies (under the aegis of PanSALB) have initiated projects aimed at orthographic standardisation lexicography and terminology development and the promotion of literature in the indigenous languages (see, for example, Webb, Deumert and Lepota, 2005). It remains true, however, that progress has not been rapid and that a very large deal more needs to be done if the ideal of the African languages functioning fully as academic and scientific media of instruction in South Africa is to be actualised.Curriculum DevelopmentIf the African languages are to be apply as languages of learning and teaching in the classroom, the head start and nigh obvious step that must be taken is to translate the rewrite National Curriculum evidencement (the RNCS) into these languages. At the moment, the only win curricula which take care in the indigenous languages are the African languages as drug-addicteds themselves. The rest are available in English and Afrikaans only. It is plainly unjustifiable to propose that subjects be taught in the African languages when the RNCS the very basis of all subject content and methodology is not available to teachers in the putative languages of learning and teaching.In the Outcomes Based Education system which South Africa has adopted, there are three culture Areas in the Foundation Phase Literacy, Numeracy and Life Skills. The subjects devising up the Literacy attainment Area the eleven official languages as subjects are obviously written in the particular languages themselves. But the Numeracy and Life Ski lls Learning Areas have not yet been written in the nine African languages. Now, for this Sotho one term is used for the quite distinct scientific notions of force, power and energy.4. Translation to be conducted successfully, it is imperative to blow ones stack and clarify the subject- specific terminology in the African languages, as well as to develop their capacity for generic academic discourse. Thus, it is necessary to develop the African languages as academic and scientific languages, at least to a certain level, before the Foundation Phase curriculum can be translated, and, consequently, before one can expect teachers to begin teaching the curriculum in the learners mother tongues with some(prenominal) degree of consistency and precision.In the Intermediate Phase, matters are rather more complex. Here, there are eight Learning Areas Languages, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, neighborly Sciences, Arts and Culture, Economic and Management Sciences, Life Orientation, and Technology. Moreover, deep down these Learning areas there may be one or more distinct subjects for example, Natural Sciences comprises both Physical Science and Biology Social Sciences includes both History and Geography. As is to be expected, the curriculum for these Learning Areas becomes progressively detailed and specialised as the learner progresses through the various Grades. In consequence, the translation of the RNCS in this Phase can only proceed successfully if the African languages have been developed to a significantly higher degree as academic languages. And, at the risk of repetition, it is only once the RNCS has been translated that teachers will be able to begin teaching the various Learning Areas effectively in the African languages.Naturally, it is not only the RNCS which must be available in the indigenous languages. All textbooks, readers, support material, teaching aids, guides and literature must be made readily accessible in these languages and kept c onstantly up to date. This is particularly important in the fields of mathematics, science and technology where an extensive range of new terms and phrases will have to be developed, learnt by the teachers and therefore communicated to the learners.Apart from the translation of the RNCS and think learning and teaching materials, it is also essential that the curricula for the African languages themselves be revisited and revised. The content structure and methodology for the teaching of the languages remains, like the languages themselves in some(prenominal) ways, rooted in an change and ineffective pedagogic model which hampers learning and diminishes interest. As a result, many learners emerge from the schooling system unable to write their own mother-tongue with any acceptable level of competence. Moreover, since they have often not been taught English (or Afrikaans) successfully, they fix themselves unable to communicate effectively in their second language, in eith er oral or written mode. period they may have reach a certain level of basic interpersonal communicative competence, they lack what Jim Cummins (2000, for example) termed cognitive academic language increase, and thus they are unprepared for higher education or for training in a sophisticated work environment.At this point, it is necessary to make a distinction between employing the African languages as au consequentlytic media of instruction throughout the curriculum and using the languages in the classroom in an informal, ad hoc manner in some or other form of code-switching. Given the diverse linguistic profiles of many South African classrooms, together with learners limited grasp of English, it is inevitable that teachers will apply to a mixture of languages for purposes of clarification and explication. In such contexts, code-switching is frequently a vital and indispensable pedagogical tool. Nevertheless, if the goal is to develop the African languages into original acad emic languages, and have teachers use them as such, then code- switching cannot be viewed as anything more than a partial and transitional support mechanism.This becomes ever more apparent as learners move into the Intermediate Phase and beyond, where increase emphasis is placed on independent reading and writing skills. Learners who remain reliant on mixed-language modes of communication will find it extremely difficult to read texts written in the standard form of a particular language, as well as to write essays and assignments and to answer tests and examinations. Furthermore, given the exceedingly context-specific, personal and arbitrary nature of code-switching, it is impossible to construct generally approachable and enduring academic texts in a mixed-language format. Thus, while code-switching practices currently playact an important role in many South African classroom environments, they can never be construed as constituting a target language of acquisition, or as repre senting a viable alternative to the development of formal academic  progression in the standard form of a language.It ought to be clear from the foregoing discussion just how much work needs to be done in order for teachers even to begin teaching the first six Grades of school in the indigenous languages. To suggest that such teaching could begin imminently, and to propose rapid insurance changes to this effect, is both artful and irresponsible.Teacher EducationIn addition to language and curriculum development, a crucial aspect of providing mother- tongue education in South Africa lies in the field of teacher education (or teacher training as it used rather inelegantly to be termed). In the early years of this disco biscuit the responsibility for teacher education was transferred from the former colleges of education to the universities. During the same period, the metrical composition of pupils enrolling for African language courses at universities dwindled, for various rea sons, to almost nothing. Even in Teacher Education programmes where an African language is a compulsory credit, the number of bookmans who proceed with the study of an African language beyond the obligatory first level course is negligible. There is, as a result, a real crisis in African language teacher supply.As a first step in addressing this crisis, it is essential that the government aver service signalise bursaries for student teachers specialising in African languages. In this scheme, students receive a full bursary (covering tuition, board and living disbursals), but then have to pay the bursary back through a year of service for every year of study in which they received the bursary. Over the past few years, such bursaries have been offered for Maths and Science students only. In 2006, however, the curate of Education announced that such bursaries would be extended to students specialising in Technology and Languages (both African languages and English). It is gratifyin g to note that this service-linked bursary scheme, which teacher education institutions have been demanding for some sequence, has begun to be implemented in 2007, through the Fundza Lushaka project (see Metcalfe 2007). It remains to be seen, however, whether sufficient numbers of student teachers will enrol for and graduate in African language courses, and then whether the Department of Education has the capacity to ensure that they do actually take up African language teaching posts in the schools.Even this is not enough, however. Incentives must be provided for graduating teachers to accept employment in the rural areas and townsfolk schools where the need for teachers qualified to teach in the African students mother tongues is most needed. Such incentives could take the form of higher salary packages, carry throughance bonuses and wagerer promotional opportunities. If this does not happen, the current trend of successful black education graduates taking posts in private schools or government schools in the full suburban areas will keep back.Here it is necessary to remember that the issue is not except that of teaching the African languages as subjects, but rather the ability to use the African languages as the media of instruction for the entire curriculum. For student teachers to be empowered to achieve this goal, a number of further stairs need to be taken. Firstly, as with the African language school curriculum, the African language curriculum at tertiary level needs to be drastically revised and modernised, so that students are enabled to study and learn these languages as effective carriers of academic discourse. Secondly, the entire Teacher Education curriculum (or at the very least the undergraduate Bachelor of Education programme) needs to be translated into each of the African languages. This would include all the official school subjects, but most especially Mathematics and the Sciences. As was noted in the first constituent of this paper, however, for this to be made possible the languages themselves need to be significantly developed. Thirdly, it will be necessary to provide a very large number of new Teacher Education lecturers who are able to teach the new translated curriculum in the medium of the African languages.At the moment, a very small percentage of university teacher educators are able to provide grapheme tertiary tuition through the African students mother tongues, and even less in the scientific subjects. Finally, for the requisite development and continuous upgrading of mother tongue tuition at tertiary level to be possible, it is necessary for high level research to be conducted. Thus, optimally, each universitys Faculty or School of Education would need to attract and support top tint education researchers working specifically in the field of African languages in education, whether through research units, centres of excellence or individual fellowships, grants or professorial chairs.In addition to the training of pre-service student teachers, it will also be necessary to upgrade the competence levels of teachers already in the system. Universities will have to provide a range of additional courses for in-service teachers so that they are able to acquire academic proficiency in the newly-developed African languages as well as enhanced methodological skills in utilising the languages as media of instruction in all the various Learning Areas. Such courses would, of necessity, need to be taught half-time (after hours, during the vacations, or as block-release programmes) which would place an enormous burden on both the schools and the universities, and would again require a heavy investment on the part of the suppose in terms of additional lecturing staff, tuition and pane costs, and possibly even temporary teacher-replacements. Such courses would also by their very nature have to be completed over an extended period of time and would thus require a strong commit ment on the part of both lecturers and teachers over and above the normal duties which they have to perform in an already highly pressurised work environment.As was the case with language and curriculum development, it is evident that for all of this to become possible, the State will have to make extremely heavy investments in human and material resources far beyond the provision of the limited number of student bursaries it currently offers. Whether the State budget for education can or will ever be enlarged to meet all of these multiple costs remains unclear. execution in the SchoolsThe fourth aspect of mother tongue education involves its actual implementation in the schools. Even assuming that at some point in the future the African languages have been effectively developed, that the curriculum has been efficiently translated, and that a full quota of properly trained teachers is available, there is still the question of whether schools will adopt the policy and implement it thoroughly. For this to take place, a number of stakeholders will have to be convinced of the broad benefits of mother-tongue education, not merely in a cognitive sense, but in a much larger socio-economic context. Such stakeholders include government education officials, school government activity bodies, principals, teachers, and, most importantly, parents and learners.If learners and their parents do not actively desire mother- tongue instruction, then all the effort in the world will not make the policy viable. And for this desire to be inculcated, parents and their children will have to see that mother-tongue education leads to palpable benefits in such spheres as economic empowerment, social mobility and crook, and pathways to further academic opportunities. All of this raises questions of the instrumental value of the African languages in South African society more generally which, though of interest and importance, lies beyond the s fence of the present paper.A more spe cific question related to mother-tongue education in schools concerns the role of English. No matter how rapidly or to what degree the African languages are developed, it is safe to assume that English will continue to occupy a role of crucial importance in South Africa for the foreseeable future. Even if the African languages are utilised as languages of learning and teaching in the first years of school, at some point there will have to be a switch to English as the medium of instruction, whether this takes place after three years, or, as is now proposed, after six years. Thus, English will have to receive systematic and sustained attention, and will have to be taught extremely effectively as a subject during the initial years of schooling so that when the transition does take place (be it gradually or immediately) learners will be sufficiently competent in the language to be able to cope with learning through it.Indeed, even if mother-tongue education were one day to be e mployed right through to Matric level, learners would still need to be proficient in English for the purposes of higher education where, in a globalised academic environment, English is indispensable. At the moment, however, English is, in many cases, gravely taught in South African schools. Just as important as the production of large numbers of competent mother-tongue teachers, therefore, is the development of high part teachers of English who can be deployed in the rural and township schools. Again, a system of service-linked, contract bursaries and incentives to work in areas of greatest need must be implemented immediately for student teachers specialising in the teaching of English. The Minister of Education, as mentioned previously, has included English in the list of priority subjects for student teachers, and this is to be welcomed as a long overdue practical measure.But, as in the case of African language teaching, steps must be taken, over and above this, to ensure the upgrading of in-service teachers in terms of academic proficiency in the language, content knowledge and improved methodological practice. It is a unproblematic truism that any educational system which prioritises the African languages at the expense of English is destined to fail at the levels both of practical truth and educational theory. As even so avid a exponent of heritage languages as Tove Skutnabb-Kangas has ob shell outd, in multilingual societies it is essential that all learners are enabled to learn enough of the power language to be able to influence the society or, especially, to acquire a common language with other subordinated groups, a shared medium of communication and analysis (1981128).In the best of all possible worlds, learners, especially in areas where English is rarely used, would begin their schooling in their mother-tongue and then at some point switch over to English as the medium of instruction, having acquired enough English through subject study to be able to cope with it. At the same time, they would continue to study their home languages as subjects in a model of additive bilingualism. Conversely, in areas where English is able to be used as the language of learning and teaching from the outset, it is just as important that learners acquire proficiency in at least one official African language. In schools where Afrikaans is the medium of instruction, it is not unreasonable to require that in10addition to their mother-tongue, Afrikaans-speaking learners acquire both English (as they invariably wish to do anyway) and an African language.From this it ought to be apparent that there can be no single language policy which would suit every school context in South Africa. The society simply remains too different and differentiated for any one size fits all system to be practicable or even desirable.4 What is not unfair to expect, however, is that by the time learners leave school they will all have full academic proficiency i n at least one language (for the moment this would continue to be English or Afrikaans) as well as some degree of academic proficiency in one and perhaps two other official South African languages.However, even in spite of appearance this ideal linguistic scenario, there are some possibly unexpected and certainly ironic implications. For schools seriously to implement initial mother-tongue instruction (followed later by English) means that schools would have to be divided into particular language groupings, and learners would have to attend a school offering their particular language. While this does happen informally to a certain degree, a formalised policy would in effect return South Africa (at least in the primary schools) to a kind of linguistic apartheid reminiscent of a former era. Even in the unlikely event of township schools being able to offer parallel medium education in two or more African languages, there would still effectively exist a language apartheid between the various classes within the school. It is not clear whether the current proponents of mother-tongue education in this country have thought through these matters with sufficient care.Finally, there remains the question of individual choice, and this brings the present discussion full circle. In any democracy parental (and learner) choice is paramount, especially when it comes to such issues as the language in which a child is to receive his or her education. It is no small matter that this right is enshrined in the Constitution. If, after all is give tongue to and done, parents continue to insist, as the majority currently does, that their children be educated in Colin Baker (2006215f) provides a typology of bilingual education in which ten main models, each with multitudinous sub-varieties, are discussed. Which of these models would be best for any particular South African school is a complex matter, and is clearly best left to each specific School Governing Body to decide.  This is borne out by the FutureFact 2006 survey, which reveals that, apart from the Afrikaans community, between 60%-67% of all other language groups feel that English is the preferred language for education.Indeed, of the remain 33%-40% of the sample, less than 20% preferred mother-tongue education (at whatever level) the conflict stating no preference. In addition to this, 82% of the sample claimed to be able to read and understand English, and, again apart from the English rather than their mother-tongue, then the onus rests on the State to ensure that this is provided as effectively as possible for everyone who wants it. And if this does indeed continue to be the will of the majority, then the State must take far more active and extensive steps to improve the teaching and learning of English in South African schools than has hitherto been the case. No language in education policy which is labored on the majority against its will can ever succeed, and will serve only to perpetuate the unequal and inefficient conditions which currently exist in South African education.ReferencesBaker, Colin. 2006. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (4th edition).Clevedon bilingual Matters.Constitution of the country of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996.Cummins, Jim. 2000. Language, Power and Pedagogy Bilingual children in the crossfire.Clevedon Multilingual matters.Department of Education. 1997. Norms and Standards Regarding Language Policy Language in Education Policy. administration Gazette No.685, 9 May. FutureFact 2006 Survey. Languages. (Available at http// www.futurefact.co.za/ 2006 survey.html.) Herbert, Robert K. and Bailey, Richard. 2002. The Bantu Languages Sociohistorical perspectives. In Rajend Mesthrie (ed.) Language in South Africa, 449-475. Cambridge University Press. Mackey, William F. 1992. Mother Tongues, Other Tongues and Vehicular Languages.Perspectives 81 22(1)45-57 (my translation from the French).Metcalfe, Mary. 2007. In Sea rch of Quality Schooling for All. Mail & Guardian (GettingAhead) January 26 to February 14-5.Pandor, Naledi. 2006. Language Issues and Challenges (opening address at the Language Policy carrying into action in HEIs Conference, Pretoria, 5 October. Available at http//www.education.gov.za/dynamic/dynamic.aspx?pageid=306&id=2290. Schuring, Gerhard K. 1993. Language and Education in South Africa a policy study.Pretoria tender-hearted Sciences Research Council.Afrikaans community, between 72%-77% of all other language groups believe that English should be the main official language of South Africa.12Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 1981. Bilingualism or Not the Education of Minorities. Clevedon Multilingual matters. Webb, Vic, Deumert, Ana and Lepota, Biki (eds). 2005. The Standardisation of African

Bhagavad Gita on Krishnas Teachings

5. Bhagavad Gita The story in the Bhagavad Gita with Arjuna and Krishna has many teachings of Krishna about renunciation, selfless services, and meditation. Its also important why Arjuna doesnt indispensability to wage contend. in that location be many things that Krishna tells Arjuna. All of this will be brought up end-to-end the essay. In the story Arjuna does not want to wage war. His sudden reply is primer coated by his internal feelings for this war. Arjuna doesnt look why he should have his family risk their lives in the war. Arjuna also does not agree with this war because he really does not like the kingdom that rules him anyways.Arjuna does not want to renounce his worldly possessions for peace in the put to death. At this point in time Arjuna doesnt understand the selfless service in this effect of war. Krishna appears in a bright light to Arjuna when Arjuna asked to see him. Krishna came to Arjuna to help him understand why he was being asked to wage war for the kingdom. Krishna tells Arjuna many things when they are together discussing the war. Krishna begins by telling Arjuna about the life and death round of a Hindus. The life and death cycle in Hinduism is based on the persons Karma.Their Karma is what decides the reincarnation process and/or being of their next body. In Hinduism the reason of the life and death cycle is to work on their Karma. Krishna then explains that in truth divine humans find peace in serving the gods. Therefore, Arjuna postulate to be at peace with what Krishna and the other gods are asking of him in this war. This was to explain to Arjuna that he needs to find peace in his actions scarce not to renounce his worldly possessions for it. Arjuna again is struggling with allowing his family fight in this war where they could lose their lives.Krishna then wants Arjuna to do this selfless service for him. altruistic service is a way of serving the gods and a good coif of Karma. Meditation is a way of arriving at s elflessness. Meditation helps break the transition and death cycle, because meditation is used to focus on achieving the divine. Krishna was able to persuade Arjuna that this war was a good thing. Arjuna, after spending the time with Krishna, matte up reassured that his worries were for no reason and this action would help in eternity. Krishna explains his ratiocination to Arjuna.Arjuna than understood his task and the teachings of Krishna. Renunciation to find peace in the action of war was one teaching of Krishna. Committing this selfless service for the gods was good for Arjunas karma was the second lesson that was taught during their meeting. The last teaching of Krishna to Arjuna was about the importance of meditation. All of Krishnas teachings to Arjuna revolved around creating a better Karma and therefore, ending the rebirth, life, and death cycle. polish that cycle is over all goal of the Hindus religion.