Shirin Neshat & her work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shirin Neshat & her work - Essay Example This paper will discuss some of the exemplary works of Shirin Neshat. Research asserts that Neshat is one of the renowned filmmakers and photographers from Iran (Abramovic and Danto 12). Earlier on, she had started as a painter, but she later shifted and started exploring the Iranian Islamic roots and photography. Therefore, she used her films and photos in order to reveal some of the basics of the Iranian culture. She also experienced the effects of 9/11 when she was in New York with her son. The effects of this event had a vast impact on her as an American citizen from the Muslim culture. Currently, Neshat is working on photographs and poems that reveal various facts in the Iranian Muslim culture. During her interviews, Neshat highlights that she recently made three film installations entitled Passage, Pulse and Possessed (Abramovic and Danto 89). She also claims that most of her works are based on the Iranian society and their Muslim culture. Through most of her films, her audience can easily understand the Iranian culture from various perspectives. In Turbulent, Neshat presents two singers (Sussan Deyhim and Shoja Azari) who create a musical metaphor for the complexity of cultural power and gender roles according to the ancient Persian poetry and music. The voice of the woman in the video installation is rather evoking, but she does not have an audience as compared to the man whose music is appreciated. In fact, Neshat offers duality and complexity in the Iranian culture. This is incorporated by a realistic and mystic approach that is achieved by the use of films and photographs to portray the Iranian Muslim culture (Abramovic and Danto 187). In the other interview that was hosted by David Ross, Neshat also talks about her work in photography and the film industry. She extensively discusses the role of women especially in the Islamic society. In addition, she also talks about the

Critically discuss the view that anti-globalisation arguments Essay - 4

Critically discuss the view that anti-globalisation arguments seriously undervalue the benefits that globalisation has delivered for all countries 01296 - Essay Example In this paper, role of anti-globalisation arguments in undervaluing benefits of globalisation has been critically assessed to determine its validity. According to different scholars, no specific definition of globalisation exists and consequently the debates initiates at this very point. However, in common language, globalisation can be defined as integration of several national markets into one common global forum where national boundaries are largely diminished (Das, 2010). It is an intensification of interconnectivity and movement of trade, finance, human and non-human resources, culture and investment (Robertson, 1992). According to studies, economic globalisation can be considered as the most influential force that has shaped the globe since the wars (Das, 2010; Huwart and Verdier, 2013). Over the time, globalisation became one of the drivers of structural changes with respect to global, regional and national economies. It is also referred to as a powerful transformative force on the face of world economy (Amin, 2004; Das, 2010). It was observed that globalisation has resulted in significant rise in value as well as volume of international trade in goods and services along with expansion in long and short periodic flow of capital (Amin, 2004; Huwart and Verdier, 2013). It was also gathered that liberalisation as a part of globalisation movement cause trade and financial integration and raised economic growth rate and earning rate. As the worldwide economic integration progressed and intensified, it caused increase in efficiency of various tangible and intangible resources and utilisation of inputs (Das, 2010). According to studies in 2007, the volume of goods and services in global multilateral trade was equivalent to $16.9 trillion and it was about 34 percent of total global gross domestic product (Huwart and Verdier, 2013). In the same year, private

State and Non-state Actors in International Politics

State and Non-state Actors in International Politics INTRODUCTION At the International scene, there are many players engaged in what is regarded as the game of international Politics. One of the oldest and universally acknowledged actors on the modern world stage is the state. A state is a type of polity that is an organized political community living under a single system of government[1]. A Political community is referred to as a government responsible for the citizens under the government. It has been earlier assumed that international relations are made up of the relations between states. International relations can be likened to a series of actions that promote interactions between states. Actors are entities that participate in or promote international relations. The two types of actors involved in international relations include State and non-state actors. State actors represent a government while non-state actors do not. However, they have impact on the state actors. A definition of world politics involving only states as the actors has been challenged since the late 1960s and the early 1970s, since many other actors have become way more involved in the process of international political. Due to this, international relations promotes International pluralism fostering national interactions. The forces of globalization and liberalization in the last three decades of the twentieth century have resulted in a transformation in the world economic structure, thereby undermining the ability of states to govern in full capacity. These great global transformations have had a major influence and have modified the traditional paradigm and theories of international relations, most especially the school of thought of realism due to its basic proposition that actors represent the states, and the states operate a system of anarchy. The realist school of thought has however been criticized for its focus on the state view of international relations and its shallow focus on the problems of war and peace. IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS OF ACTORS IN WORLD POLITICS Actors in world politics, states and non-state actors, per Professor Ryo Osiba of Hitotsubashi University, can be defined as entities which have the following three features:[2] (a) They should have overall capacity to decide on their purposes and interests. (b) They should also have the capability to mobilize necessary resources to achieve these purposes and interests and be passionate about appealing for global cooperation. (c) Their actions should be significant enough to influence the state-to-state relations or the behaviour of other non-state actors in the global system. Inter-Governmental Organization Even if states are l the dominant actors on the world stage (which is still an argument), they are not at all the only ones. A group of very important players in the International scene is the intergovernmental organizations otherwise known as the IGOs. Intergovernmental organizations are established by states, most times through a treaty. The most well-known intergovernmental organizations are the United Nations (UN). Some other IGOs include the Food and Agriculture Organization, International Labour Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Food Programme, etc.[3]. Since, IGOs only operate by the consent of states, states maintain their sovereignty. Furthermore, most IGOs really do not possess the power to enforce state follow up with their decisions. At least, not without the help of powerful states. For example, since the United States is a permanent member of the UNs Security Coun cil, along with China, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom, it can veto any substantive UN resolution. In accordance to liberal institutionalism, states join Intergovernmental Organisations because it is in their interest to do so. Their membership makes certain problems easily solved and at a less cost than without them. Liberal institutionalism particularly, focuses on collective problems, such as the security dilemma, the appeal to execute competitive tariffs, and the difficulty in agreeing to protect the environment. [4] There is a need for States to correspond and work with one other to oversee other states to make sure that they are honouring their commitments to acknowledge many of the problems. For example, in the free trade case, the World Trade Organization was created to coordinate the negotiation of tariffs and to further provide a mechanism and avenue for the resolving of disputes. Some of these tasks will be more expensive and complicated to execute without the IGOs. There are situations where IGOs are not only created to solve problems but to provide platforms for discu ssion. Some examples of IGOs and their functions include[5]: IGO FUNCTION United Nations (UN) Maintain international peace and security. Develop friendly relations among nations. Achieve international cooperation in solving international problems. Function as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations World Bank This International Financial Institution works on reducing poverty. It helps developing countries by giving loans. The Group of Eight (G8) The Group of 8 is made up of the worlds leading industrial countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA and Russia). The head of the G8 countries meet each year to discuss global issues such as world poverty and security. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military alliance. A system of collective defence where its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party Nongovernmental Organizations Not all actors play governmental roles in the International scene. Nongovernmental organizations, also called NGOs, are defined as non-profit organizations who advocate or otherwise pursue policies for the good of the public. Nongovernmental organizations are engaged in issues such as human rights humanitarian aid, economic development, and social welfare, among other things. Some well-known NGOs include the Red Cross, Greenpeace, Oxfam, and Amnesty International. Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) In the 21st century, many people have discovered that by being a part of Non-governmental organizations they could in a way participate in the global system and lobby to influence International organizations. Most have joined as members of one or more NGOs, which are more about members and not states, but have volunteers from populations of two or more states which have formed organizations to promote their shared interests and ideas to influence the policies of state governments and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). NGOs tackle many global problems and seek changes in the world for causes such as disarmament, environmental protection, human rights and many more. Most pursue objectives that are highly respected and constructive, and therefore do not provoke any controversy or arouse much opposition. NGOs interact with states, sub-state actors, MNCs, and other NGOs. NGOs are increasingly being recognized in the UN and other forums, as legitimate actors along with states but is not equal to them. Some of the groups have a political purpose, some a humanitarian one, some an economic or a technical one. There are times when NGOs combine efforts through transnational advocacy networks. By joining NGOs, many people found that they could participate in the global system and lobby to influence international organizations. Some examples of NGOs include: Amnesty International Amnesty International is a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights for all. They conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated. Some of the issues that has been campaign are armed conflict issues and protection of civilians, basic welfare of children, LGBT rights, rights of people with AIDS, womens rights, disability rights, human impact of pollution and environmental degradation, freedom of the press and many more[6] Oxfam An international confederation of 17 organizations networked together in 92 countries, as part of a global movement for change, to build a future free from the injustice of poverty. The well-known organization works to help eliminate global poverty with long-term and sustainable solutions.[7] AIESEC links students worldwide World Wide Fund for Nature works on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment) and hundreds and thousands more of NGOs to go Wikimedia Foundation Is dedicated to encouraging the growth, development and distribution of free, multilingual content, and to providing the full content of these wiki-based projects to the public free of charge. The Wikimedia Foundation operates some of the largest collaboratively edited reference projects in the world, including Wikipedia, a top-ten internet property[8] PATH It stands for Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, work with the private and public sectors to help with advancing technologies to address global health challenges. Political Groups that Advocate Violence (Terrorists) Terrorists or rather political groups that advocate violence might not call themselves NGOs, but they operate in the same manner which are by interacting both with states and with relevant populations and institutions through violence and planning attacks. These groups held great power and can influence the international relations between states[9]. A group that is currently active now is the Al-Qaeda. The incidence on the spectacularly destructive attack of September 11, 2001 by members of Al-Qaeda, has demonstrated the increasing power that technology gives terrorists as non-state actors. Other than that, the Al Qaeda also placed suicide bombers in U.S. cities, coordinate their operations and finances through Internet and global banking system, and reach a global audience with the videotaped exhortations of Osama bin Laden. International Criminal Groups: These actors are considered as transnational actors but they act in an illegitimate manner. Transnational criminals often operate in well-organized groups, intentionally united to carry out illegal actions. Groups typically involve certain hierarchies and are headed by a powerful leader. These transnational organized crime groups work to make a profit through illegal activities. Because groups operate internationally, their activity is a threat to global security, often weakening governmental institutions or destroying legitimate business endeavors. Most of these groups are involved in drugs, prostitution, human trafficking, firearms and many other crimes. Some examples of international criminal groups would be the Yakuza in Japan, the Sicilian Mafia in Italy and Triads in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and in countries with significant Chinese population. Multinational Enterprises Transnational Actors Transnational actors are actors that are active below the state level as well as across the state borders. There are two types of transnational actors. They are the transnational corporations(TNCs) or multinational corporations(MNCs) and the nongovernmental organizations(NGOs). Transnational Corporations(TNCs) / Multinational Corporations(MNCs). Other group of actors in International relations are Multinational companies. They are companies whose aims is to make profit and their business interests transcend across more than one state. Most times, these Multinational Enterprises do command vast amounts of resources that rival, and even surpass, the resources of smaller states. Examples of MNEs include: Dangote Group, Epson, Facebook, GlaxoSmithKline, Exon Mobil, etc. It is however important to note that these interests of Multinational Enterprises do not necessarily correspond with or favor the interests of the states in which they operate, or even with their home state where the Multinational Enterprises was formed and their headquarter situated. For example, an MNE may be opposed to trade sanctions on another state, even if its home state wants the sanctions to punish bad behavior, because the sanctions are bad for its business. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are companies that have headquarter in one state but invest and operate extensively in other states. MNCs are based in one state but have branches or subsidiaries operating in other states. In other words, MNC is a large corporation operating on a worldwide basis in many countries at the same time, with fixed facilities and employees in each. The types of MNCs are : Industrial corporations makes goods in factories in many countries and sell them to business and consumers in various countries. The largest MNCs are automobile, oil, and electronic industries. Almost all the MNCS are based in the G7 states. Examples of this MNCs are Sony, Honda, Toyota, Petronas and more. Financial corporations such as banks, they operate multi nationally with more restrictions than industrial corporations. Examples are Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited (OCBC Bank) and others. Services Such as McDonalds fast-food chain, international airlines like MAS, Asiana Airlines and more, Hilton Hotels Resorts and many others. Multinational Corporations are becoming more powerful as independent actors. A great number of the industrial MNCs have annual turn over sales of billions of dollars. MNCs are most times able to match with most international organizations in terms of size and financial resources. The largest IGO (UN) has about 2 billion dollars a year in revenue, compare to more than 250 billion dollars for the largest MNC. The largest state (United States) has government revenues of 2 trillion dollars. Therefore, this shows that the power of MNCs does not rival the largest states but exceeds many poorer states and many IOs.[10] Multinational Corporations are viewed as citizens of a world beholden to no government[11]. They act internationally in the interests of their (international) shareholders and do owe no form loyalty to no state. They have the motivation maximize profits. MNCs operations support a global business infrastructure connecting a transnational community of businesspeople. MNCs also contribute to their host countrys development. As MNCs operate in other states, it will provide job opportunities for the locals in that state and thus, helped to stabilize the economy in that state.[12] In determining if States are still the most important players in International politics, it is important to examine theories related to this argument 1. Realism: Realism portrays the political system of the world as an anarchic struggle for power and security among competing states. Per realism, there is at all no higher authority than that of the states. Due to this, states in alliance with other states or individually, make provision for their own defence. Power therefore is the only means of achieving security. Security also follows from the willingness to act prevent any state from achieving a preeminent and threatening position in International politics. 2. Radicalism: this school of thought view International politics as organized in line with capitalist imperatives. International relations are structured, conceptualised and dominated by the unequal relationship between the developed and developing worlds. Therefore, a Radical systematic change is important to achieve security on a global platform, security here is understood as a factor of the satisfaction of basic needs for the population of the world irrespective of their national identity. 3. Liberal Internationalism: The liberal Nationalist view suggests that there are certain reasons to believe that the dominant identity of states might be weakening. International institutions, international law, International trade and international commerce have all contributed tremendously to the developing global community. So therefore, we should describe the world not just in terms of state interaction only but also in terms of an increasing community. why states are no loger the key actors Per the traditional perspective, states play the major role in international Politics but after the World War, communications technology has been on the rise, international division of labor and the expansion of global trade, a great number of international organizations have also established. The international scene has changed due to the forces of globalization. It is now of importance that states communicate with one other, which influence international political, economic, military and culture to a great degree. The increasing number of these organizations is parallel to the increasing levels of political, economic, military and cultural transactions between individuals, societies and states. These kinds of non-state actors challenge the state- centric perception. There are two prevailing theories about the role of the state in international relations. Neorealism emphasizes the state plays the most important role in international arena. On one hand, the state possesses sovereign power to insure domestic security. On the other hand, neorealism also stresses the state influence economy in international relations. Neoliberalism not only indicates that the state is the main behavior body in international system, but also affirms the role of non-states, such as international organization, transnational organizations and other kinds of social organizations. As a by-product of intensified globalization process, these kinds of organizations have become more significant determinants of foreign policies of the state. By looking at globalization, the proliferation of non-state actors is gaining international influence and position. Non-state actors can be divided into international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and transnational or international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). International intergovernmental organizations are created by states. They have official document of government agencies. On the contrary, transnational or international non-governmental organizations are established not by the state, but by some group of businessmen, individuals and other societal units. They have no legal connection with the state, so they are genuinely transnational. But the state can restrain the activities of these kinds of organizations. There are several powerful organizations such as the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the United Nations. Though these organizations own strong power in the international relations, they are entire operate by states. Along with the intensification of globalization the growth of so many kinds of non-state actors is bound to influence the status of the state in international relations. But they cannot substitute for the state. The state is still the most important actor in international relations. The role of the state in the international economy, politics and climate The question of whether the advent of Globalization can lead to extinction of State importance in the International hemisphere would be examined. Cristopher Clapham believes that the globalization is at the core of human existence such that it can be found in every sphere of importance such as the economy, politics and climate[13] The influence on globalization on the economy from State level to the world stage cannot be overemphasised but the State still has legitimate power on certain levels. If a company is to establish its organization in a State, t is under the jurisdiction of that State. The state wield the authority to allow, suspend or close down any operating company within its territory. This point tends to the State the most important actor in international politics as it has the right to determine the scope of a companys operations. States are the components of International politics and it(international politics) is significant in fostering international cooperation, conducting business and ensuring world peace among States. The peace of the world is of grave importance in international politics. The world peace is not attainable by just a state. This goal of peace is only brought out by the endeavour of the whole world. International organizations are making great deal of efforts to prevent any form of chaos that can be caused by war, but still the mantle rests on the shoulders of the state to play the major role in international Politics. Global warming is another issue gradually become a significant in the world due to climate globalization. The negative effects of global warming could have adverse effects on the climate such as the rising of sea levels which affects the world as a whole. States have taken it upon themselves to eradicate this problem by drafting policies. An example of an international agreement called the Kyoto Protocol has been formulated to ensure States take actions necessary to cut down pollution and prevent greenhouse effect. It is worthy to note that such policies can only to d rafted by Stats and International organizations can only support them in actualising these goals. This further proves the importance of states in the international hemisphere. After reviewing the more general treatment of actors in different theoretical perspectives, and if non-state actors are a factor to be reckoned with in the study of world politics, it is important to conceptualize these types of actors. Non-State Actors are most times seen as very having little influence on world politics especially from the perspectives of the realist and other state centric, according to them, it is predominantly states that retain power in international relations but this assumption has been faulted because when realism and liberalism were developed as consistent theories, the influence of non-state actors was indeed very limited and close to non-existence Second, by focusing on the state as main actors, state-centric theories overlook the importance of indirect influence of Non State actor. Watzlawick, Weakland Fisch (dentify two types of change: First order change describes the change within a system, whilst second order change is the change of the system itself, therefore could be considered as meta-change. Although Watzla wicket al. Were concerned with change on the psychological level of human interaction, they note that their concept of change is also applicable to a wide variety of systems. In the system of international politics, first order change is a change that is part of the system and the political structure actors engage in, and thus plays a part retaining the current political structure. Second order change however will lead to a substantial change of the political structure and the way that political actors interact. However, it is necessary to note that an actor may affect international relations, even though it is not in the way desired by the actor itself. This would be the case if the action of an actor is met with fierce resistance, which would consequentially change the system in a way not desired by the original actor. NSAs have been defined as actors that do not represent the states, but act on an international level. They include: Intergovernmental organisations), transnational corporations, non-governmental organisations, epistemic communities (i.e. Networks of scientists and experts and others which include criminal and terrorist organisations. With regard to the first group, IGOs, there is a disparity whether they can be considered as real NSA, because they are set up and controlled by governments of nation states it is necessary to consider the influence exerted by NSAs on a multi-level basis. For example, a NSA may try to influence international l politics by lobbying on the domestic level of a state or in international organisations. TNCs are international corporations with offices and products in different countries. Multi-National Companies can exercise a huge influence on local laws. An example of this is the US-based TNC Texaco, whilst operating in Ecuador, was technically immune to hum an rights claims]. The company dumped toxic waste in the Amazon region. In realism theory, it is assumed that a sovereign country-in this case Ecuador-has to ensure that human rights are enforced, and has the power to do so .Hence ,TNCs only indirectly accountable for human rights obligation s through government regulation .But due to the importance of foreign investment ,particularly for developing countries ,particularly developing countries cannot follow their obligations (Texaco ,with global earning s four times the size of Ecuadors GDP ,was able to operate as a state unto itself Admittedly ,it could be argued that Texaco acted as a pro -longed arm of the United States There have been cases where Multinational companies have been able to exercise significant influence over their home countries .As demonstrated, TNCs show a high capacity for first order change ,although often indirectly by using governments and international organisation . There is a considerable structural dependence of states on Multi National Companies, which will make policy maker s take business interests into account when drafting legislation without being pressured. However, it is difficult to account for such indirect powers without political activity, because they are not trace able. NGOs are non-profit, non-violent organisations that are not set up by the government and are not trying to get hold of power. Examples are the French civil rights group La Quadraturedu Net, Amnesty International and the role of foreign NGOs involved in the Ukrainian Orange Revolution will be investigated. La Quadrature is a civil right s organisation that lobbies for net neutrality on European level. It takes position for ne t neutrality and against copyright extension and software patents and is supported by the American Electronic Frontier Foundation In their recent campaign against the three strikes approach, proposed under the French EU presidency, La Quadrature was quite successful in achieving their goals. Most of the amendments they lobbied against were rejected and s ome of their own proposals put into place instead. Within the framework of intergovernmental organisations, this capacity gives it greater power than any single government (Willets 1982, p24, ascitedin: Arts2003, p7). Thus, after an extensive campaign against torture, Amnesty International co-drafted the anti-torture convention Again, one might question the relevance of Amnesty sanctions. However, Arts (2003) notes that there salting treaty we profound change in the underlying principle of the international community and affected states sovereignty; states could no longer refer to human rights abuses as internal matters. American NGOs supporting the Ukrainian democracy movements have often been criticised for taking sides to increase US influence over the Ukraine. But Wilson (2006) notes that oppositional NGOs were not overly advantaged by Western funds, although support for governmental initiatives was cutback in consequence of a lack of co-operation by the Ukrainian government .Ev en so, pre-revolutionary backing for the government Russia was significantly higher than overall Western funds(Wilson2006).Instead ,oppositional NGOs used their money much more effectively and Western-funded exit polls proved an important tool in preventing voting fraud (Wilson2006).The resulting regime change affected Ukrainian-Russian relations drastically and it has been suggested that it is partly responsible for quarrels over gas prices that affected EU gas deliveriesinwinter2008(Wilson2006,Willershausen 2008). Ithancommercialones(BusÂÂ ´e2001). But binding such NSAs into international agreements banning land mines presents severe complications to international politics. Many NSAs are not willing to sign a ban, whereas some states refuse to join the ban, because hostile NSAs are still using land mines. Additionally, monitoring is difficult. Military NSAs are not bound to law of the state the operate in, precisely because this state cannot retain control. (BusÂÂ ´e2001 ) Therefore, BusÂÂ ´e(2001) stresses the importance of Recognising the relevance of NSAs in international politics individually, NGOs tend to operate on small single-issues, and have much less competencies compared to governments. The sheer number of NGOs still makes the man important actor on the international scene, maybe not individually but as a whole(Arts2003).However ,as demonstrated ,NGOs are not only capable of first order change ,but in the case of Amnesty ,also second order change, by changing the structure of state interaction Terrorist and military guerilla groups affect international politics in a different way .Thus ,in disintegrating states ,some NSAs are the de-facto government(BusÂÂ ´e2001,Cusimano-Love2002).This does not only poses severe problems for the local population but also complicates the political interaction on an international level. According to BusÂÂ ´e (2001) land mines pose a major problem as they contaminate land even years after wars , and because se lf-produced land mine soft en used by military NSAs are even more dangerous Particularly after the cold war and within creasing globalisation, NSAs were able to fill gaps left by declining state influence over political, social and economic conditions (Cusimano-Love2002,Jochnick1999). NSAs benefited drastically from increasing globalisation. The increasing importance of international media and Internet has given NGOs a platform to connect with other NGOs and raise support and awareness for the issues they stand for .Additionally ,human rights groups have been given important tasks in securing the survival of people in humanitarian crises (

Essay --

It is essential that human cloning is outlawed. It is salacious to perform, research, and promote these experiments on human subjects; it is neglectful, and shrewd to make the presence of this objective technology legal, let alone obtainable. Not only is human cloning hazardous and illogical, but morally incorrect and greatly dishonorable. The most alarming thought referring to human cloning is that it has the power to alter the foundation, that we as a nation, are assembled upon. What occurs after we take things too far and lose control? What happens when we are no more satisfied in simply seeking education of the physical universe? We will cross the line between natural and synthetic. What will differentiate God from man? Do we have the authorization to change the evolution of life? Science has proven that we can reproduce humans both naturally and unnaturally, but that does not mean that mean we should stop questioning whether or not we should scientifically reproduce humans. Cloning should be abolished for multiple reasons. One reason being its insufficiency and high failure r...

Child and Young Person Development Essay

†¢Schools/starting nursery is a part of everyday life the child/ young person will have to make this transition many times in their life. The transition that most children/ young people experience is moving from one school or care setting to another will happen a number of times over a child’s life for many different reasons and the challenges of the transition will change each time and will have to be handled in different way. †¢Toilet training is a big step for most children/ young people as they have to learn to read their own body signals and to understand what they should do at this point. †¢Sibling. It is common for children to have younger brothers and sister and they will have to learn to deal with the transition of having a baby in the house. †¢A parent starting a new job or doing more hours at work so the parent is not around when the child expects them to be or may not understand where the parent is going. †¢Moving house to accommodate a growing family or due to parent separation/ loss there are many other reason to move house also all of which with effect the transition progress of the child differently †¢ Separations/ divorce can be very difficult on children and young people of all ages as it can lead to many other transitions that take place moving house changing schools feeling of loss and confusion all of which can be very difficult for a young person to understand and cope with. †¢Puberty can be very difficult for some young people to cope with the mood swings, confident issues or low self -esteem, how the body changes, how it can affect their relationships with others and how others may see them. Children and young people mostly learn to cope with a number of different changes or transition in their life time and they will develop their own ways of dealing with the transitions, children and young people will still need to helped and guided

Top 10 Acting Schools of the World

Ina highly competitive profession like acting , one must never underestimate the importance of professional and formal training. Irrespective of whether you excel or have a unique flair in this art , there are a variety of techniques , perspectives , methods etc that could help you when you embark into theatre and films. While training to become an an actor doesn’t necessarily require a degree from a college or professional learning, many of the best actors in world cinema have grown to be well rounded and highly benefitted from their professional courses.The whole concept of acting will usually comprise of 2/3rd natural talent and 1/3rd of training Also the physical location of the place is crucial because it determines the connections , affiliations and opportunities that you need to go through. There are schools that train you specifically for theatre, specifically for films or both. The timings may be rigorous and the practices may get intense. However if you are a passion ate actor , this will also be an exciting and memorable experience.The usual undergraduate degrees are Bachelor of Arts(BA) or Bachelor of Fine Arts( BFA). Graduate degrees may include Master of Arts(MA) , Master of Science ( MSC) Master of Fine Arts(MFA) Doctor of Arts, Doctor of Fine Arts, or Doctor of Philosophy ( PHD) degrees. Also various institutes provide shorter foundation and summer courses for students in school and otherwise. It is essential that you conduct an intensive research before choosing acting. Here are the top 10 acting schools across the world to pursue courses in acting : Juilliard School of dramaFounded in 1905, the Juilliard School of drama situated in the Ney York city is the most prestigious institution on the world for theatre that provides top notch acting training. The faculty consists of Grammy, Pulitzer Prize and Academy Award winners who combine physical and vocal training in such a way so that every student performs to the best of his / her capaciti es. The Bachelor of Fine Arts in Drama is a 4 year course and The Masters degree for the same is also for the same duration. The school receives more than 1000 applications every year out of which only 18 of them are admitted at the end of it.Even though the admission procedures are extremely stringent, one would be extremely fortunate to be a part of this institute. Some of the Julliard students who have managed to make it big are Christopher Reeves, Kevin Spacey and Robin Williams. The Juilliard School 60 Lincoln Centre Plaza New York NY 10023-6588. The oxford school of drama UK’S oxford school of drama is a 26 year old esteemed drama institution that offers diploma and foundation courses in acting. They provide a 3 year undergraduate course, a one year acting course and a six month foundation course.It also runs a six month programme in musical theatre. Catherine McCormack, Anna Galvin and Christina Cole are some of the famous alumni of this school. The Oxford School of Dr ama Sansomes Farm Studios Woodstock, Oxford OX20 1ER England, United Kingdom Yale School of drama The Yale School of Drama is a graduate professional conservatory for theatre training in every discipline of the art form: acting. School are known for their accomplishments on the legitimate stage, in film and television, and a variety of other creative fields.It offers a Master in Fine Arts as a postgraduate degree and a Certificate of Drama for those who do not hold an undergraduate degree. All students are admitted on the basis of their talent and career potential . Also each one of the applicants who meetsthe MFA/certificate requirements must audition in person inorder to become a part of this university. Yale Cabaret is one of its extracurricular initiative where students perform and create projects on their own. Distinguished former students of Yale include Paul Newman, Meryl Streep and Sigourney Weaver Yale School of Drama 149 York Street New Haven, CT 06511 Royal Scottish Acade myThe Royal Scottish Academy is a UK conservatoire that promises to provide you with a solid foundation in acting, voice and movement. They have acting showcases held in places such as Glasgow and London and this provide you with an opportunity to showcase your talent to leading casting directors and agents. They provide both bachelors and masters in this field to aspiring actors and actresses . They also have summer schools and short courses in drama for children, young people, adults and arts professionals. It has an impressive alumni profile such as Alan Cumming, James McAvoy, and David Tennant etc The CentreCity Centre Glasgow G2 3DB Scotland, United Kingdom. NYU Tisch School of arts The Tisch School of Arts that come under New York University is the most esteemed centre for performing arts in the USA. Situated in the theatre capital of America; it provides technical, professional and practical training to students in its discipline. The Department of Drama offers a four-year un dergraduate course and the graduate acting programme offers a Master in Fine Arts degree however it is extremely difficult to be inducted into the latter programme ( as they take in only 18 students ) .Its famous alumni consists of Whoopi Goldberg, Angelina Jolie, Alec Baldwin, Anne Hathaway and Adam Sandler NYU Tisch School of the Arts 721 Broadway New York, NY 10003. Guildhall school Founded in 1800 in England, the Guildhall school of Music and Drama provides a BA and an MA in acting. Owned and funded by the Corporation of London, the school is well known for its â€Å"passion, quality and rigour† of teaching. Students experience working in a professional context to professional standards with an exemplary pool of outstanding artists who work with us as directors, conductors, coaches and tutors.They are well known for the menities provided that includes a 308-seat theatre for students to develop their skills in drama and get a real feel and experience. Some of the Guildhall students who have made their mark in Hollywood are orlando bloom , Daniel Craig and Evan McGregor Guildhall School of Music and Drama Silk St. , Barbican London EC2Y 8DT, England, United Kingdom. American conservatory theatre This non profit theatre company provides a 3 year Master of Fine Arts program in acting for aspirational individuals and providing them with a course wherein they have a chance to rehears and performs various classic and contemporary acts.Its distinguished alumni include Denzel Washington , Nicholas cage and Teri Hatcher American Conservatory Theatre 415 Geary Street San Francisco, CA 94102. Birmingham school of acting Established in 1963 , This leading premier vocational school offers a BA ( Hons) in acting and in BA (Hons) Community and Applied Theatre and an MA in Acting. They also provide foundation courses and summer schools in the same field. This specialist institute Some of their students include Sophia bush , Kelly Preston and tom selleck . Birmingham School of Acting G2 – Millennium PointCurzon Street, Birmingham B4 7XG, England, United Kingdom. American Repertory institute Established by the American Repertory theatre , its institute is a non for profit theatre organization that aims to prepare the students in a unique way so that they establish their mark in this field. It offers a 2 year MFA programme , an MFA Dramaturgy and Theatre Studies programme and an MFA in voice and speech programme. It mostly concentrates on theatrical acting and is thus one of the most respected universities when it comes to stage actor training.It collaborates with professional expertise in Eastern Europe and Russia wherein it offers a three month training and working period in the Moscow Art theatre school American Repertory Institute 64 Brattle Street Cambridge, MA 02138 London Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts This independent drama school in West London provides students with a Three and Two Year course in Acting validated by the unive rsity of Kent. This school was started in the 19th century and has been creating fine actors for theatre and films.If you take into consideration aspects such as stage management, , acting and directing, technical work LAMDA could be considered the most historically productive drama school in the United Kingdom. Often the ratio of student to teacher is 1-3, allowing for some of the most intense instruction in the industry. Since the ratio of a teacher to student is 1:3 , It is evident that one on one interaction is given high importance here and every individual is attended to personally. Donald Sutherland , Colin baker , Anthony head are some of the famous people who were a part of this academy

The Domestication and History of Modern Horses

The Domestication and History of Modern Horses The modern domesticated horse (Equus caballus) is today spread throughout the world and among the most diverse creatures on the planet. In North America, the horse was part of the megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. Two wild subspecies survived until recently, the Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus, died out ca 1919) and Przewalskis Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii, of which there are a few left). Horse history, especially the timing of the domestication of the horse, is still being debated, partly because the evidence for domestication itself is debatable. Unlike other animals, criteria such as changes in body morphology (horses are extremely diverse) or the location of a particular horse outside of its normal range (horses are very widespread) are not useful in helping resolve the question. Evidence for Horse Domestication The earliest possible hints for domestication would be the presence of what appears to be a set of postmolds with lots of animal dung within the area defined by the posts, which scholars interpret as representing a horse pen. That evidence has been found at Krasnyi Yar in Kazakhstan, in portions of the site dating to as early as 3600 BC. The horses may have been kept for food and milk, rather than riding or load-bearing. Accepted archaeological evidence of horseback riding includes bit wear on horse teeth- that has been found in the steppes east of the Ural mountains at Botai and Kozhai 1 in modern Kazakhstan, around 3500-3000 BC. The bit wear was only found on a few of the teeth in the archaeological assemblages, which might suggest that a few horses were ridden to hunt and collect wild horses for food and milk consumption. Finally, the earliest direct evidence of the use of horses as beasts of burden- in the form of drawings of horse-drawn chariots- is from Mesopotamia, about 2000 BC. Krasnyi Yar includes over 50 residential pithouses, adjacent to which have been found dozens of postmolds. The postmolds- archaeological remnants of where posts have been set in the past- are arranged in circles, and these are interpreted as evidence of horse corrals. Horse History and Genetics Genetic data, interestingly enough, has traced all extant domesticated horses to one founder stallion, or to closely related male horses with the same Y haplotype. At the same time, there is a high matrilineal diversity in both domestic and wild horses. At least 77 wild mares would be required to explain the diversity of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in current horse populations, which probably means quite a few more. A 2012 study (Warmuth and colleagues) combining archaeology, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-chromosomal DNA supports the domestication of horse as occurring once, in the western part of the Eurasian steppe, and that because of the horses wild natures, several repeated introgression events (restocking of horse populations by adding wild mares), must have occurred. As identified in earlier studies, that would explain the diversity of mtDNA. Three Strands of Evidence for Domesticated Horses In a paper published in Science in 2009, Alan K. Outram and colleagues looked at three strands of evidence supporting horse domestication at Botai culture sites: shin bones, milk consumption, and bitwear. These data support domestication of the horse between about 3500-3000 BC sites in what is today Kazakhstan. Horses skeletons at Botai Culture sites have gracile metacarpals. The horses metacarpals- the shins or cannon bones- are used as key indicators of domesticity. For whatever reason (and I wont speculate here), shins on domestic horses are thinner- more gracile- than those of wild horses. Outram et al. describe the shinbones from Botai as being closer in size and shape to those of Bronze age (fully domesticated) horses compared to wild horses. Fatty lipids of horse milk were found inside of pots. Although today it seems a bit weird to westerners, horses were kept for both their meat and milk in the past- and still are in the Kazakh region as you can see from the photograph above. Evidence of horse milk was found at Botai in the form of fatty lipid residues on the insides of ceramic vessels; further, evidence for consumption of horse meat has been identified at Botai culture horse and rider burials. Bit wear is in evidence on horse teeth. Researchers noted bitting wear on horses teeth- a vertical strip of wear on the outside of horses premolars, where the metal bit damages the enamel when it sits between the cheek and tooth. Recent studies (Bendrey) using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis found microscopic-sized fragments of iron embedded on Iron Age horse teeth, resulting from metal bit use. White Horses and History White horses have had a special place in ancient history-according to Herodotus, they were held as sacred animals in the Achaemenid court of Xerxes the Great (ruled 485-465 BC). White horses are associated with the Pegasus myth, the unicorn in the Babylonian myth of Gilgamesh, Arabian horses, Lipizzaner stallions, Shetland ponies, and Icelandic pony populations. The Thoroughbred Gene A recent DNA study (Bower et al.) examined the DNA of Thoroughbred racing horses and identified the specific allele which drives their speed and precocity. Thoroughbreds are a specific breed of horse, all of whom today are descended from the children of one of three foundation stallions: Byerley Turk (imported to England in the 1680s), Darley Arabian (1704) and Godolphin Arabian (1729). These stallions are all of Arab, Barb and Turk origin; their descendants are from one of only 74 British and imported mares. Horse breeding histories for Thoroughbreds have been recorded in the General Stud Book since 1791, and the genetic data certainly supports that history. Horse races in the 17th and 18th centuries ran 3,200-6,400 meters (2-4 miles), and horses were usually five or six years old. By the early 1800s, the Thoroughbred was bred for traits that enabled speed and stamina over distances from 1,600-2,800 meters at three years of age; since the 1860s, the horses have been bred for shorter races (1,000-1400 meters) and younger maturity, at 2 years. The genetic study looked at the DNA from hundreds of horses and identified the gene as C type myostatin gene variant, and came to the conclusion that this gene originated from a single mare, bred to one of the three founder male horses about 300 years ago. See Bower et al for additional information. Thistle Creek DNA and Deep Evolution In 2013, researchers led by Ludovic Orlando and Eske Willerslev of the Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark and University of Copenhagen (and reported in Orlando et al. 2013) reported on a metapodial horse fossil which had been found in permafrost within a Middle Pleistocene context in the Yukon territory of Canada and dated between 560,00-780,000 years ago. Amazingly, the researchers found that there were sufficiently intact molecules of collagen within the matrix of the bone to enable them to map the Thistle Creek horses genome. The researchers then compared the Thistle Creek specimen DNA to that of an Upper Paleolithic horse, a modern donkey, five modern domestic horse breeds, and one modern Przewalskis horse. Orlando and Willerslevs team found that over the past 500,000 years, horse populations have been enormously sensitive to climate change and that extremely low population sizes are associated with warming events. Further, using the Thistle Creek DNA as a baseline, they were able to determine that all modern existing equids (donkeys, horses, and zebras) originated from a common ancestor some 4-4.5 million years ago. In addition, Przewalskis horse diverged from the breeds which became domestic some 38,000-72,000 years ago, confirming the long-held belief that Przewalskis is the last remaining wild horse species. Sources Bendrey R. 2012. From wild horses to domestic horses: a European perspective. World Archaeology 44(1):135-157. Bendrey R. 2011. Identification of metal residues associated with bit-use on prehistoric horse teeth by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(11):2989-2994. Bower MA, McGivney BA, Campana MG, Gu J, Andersson LS, Barrett E, Davis CR, Mikko S, Stock F, Voronkova V et al. 2012. The genetic origin and history of speed in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Nature Communications 3(643):1-8. Brown D, and Anthony D. 1998. Bit Wear, Horseback Riding and the Botai Site in Kazakstan. Journal of Archaeological Science 25(4):331-347. Cassidy R. 2009. The horse, the Kyrgyz horse and the ‘Kyrgyz horse’. Anthropology Today 25(1):12-15. Jansen T, Forster P, Levine MA, Oelke H, Hurles M, Renfrew C, Weber J, Olek, and Klaus. 2002. Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(16):10905–10910. Levine MA. 1999. Botai and the origins of horse domestication. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 18(1):29-78. Ludwig A, Pruvost M, Reissmann M, Benecke N, Brockmann GA, Castaà ±os P, Cieslak M, Lippold S, Llorente L, Malaspinas A-S et al. 2009. Coat Color Variation at the Beginning of Horse Domestication. Science 324:485. Kavar T, and Dovc P. 2008. Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses. Livestock Science 116(1):1-14. Orlando L, Ginolhac A, Zhang G, Froese D, Albrechtsen A, Stiller M, Schubert M, Cappellini E, Petersen B, Moltke I et al. 2013. Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse. Nature in press. Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A, Zaibert V, Thorpe N, and Evershed RP. 2009. The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking. Science 323:1332-1335. Outram AK, Stear NA, Kasparov A, Usmanova E, Varfolomeev V, and Evershed RP. 2011. Horses for the dead: funerary foodways in Bronze Age Kazakhstan. Antiquity 85(327):116-128. Sommer RS, Benecke N, Là µugas L, Nelle O, and Schmà ¶lcke U. 2011. Holocene survival of the wild horse in Europe: a matter of open landscape? Journal of Quaternary Science 26(8):805-812. Rosengren Pielberg G, Golovko A, Sundstrà ¶m E, Curik I, Lennartsson J, Seltenhammer MH, Drum T, Binns M, Fitzsimmons C, Lindgren G et al. 2008. A cis-acting regulatory mutation causes premature hair graying and susceptibility to melanoma in the horse. Nature Genetics 40:1004-1009. Warmuth V, Eriksson A, Bower MA, Barker G, Barrett E, Hanks BK, Li S, Lomitashvili D, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Sizonov GV et al. 2012. Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early edition.

The major backbone of the economy Essay Example

The major backbone of the economy Essay Example The major backbone of the economy Essay The major backbone of the economy Essay India has started the innovations in financial markets very late. Some of the recent developments initiated by the regulatory authorities are very important in this respect. Futures trading have been permitted in certain commodity exchanges. Mumbai Stock Exchange has started futures trading in cottonseed and cotton under the BOOE and under the East India Cotton Association. Necessary infrastructure has been created by the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) for trading in stock index futures and the commencement of operations in selected scripts. Liberalised exchange rate management system has been introduced in the year 1992 for regulating the flow of foreign exchange. A committee headed by S. S. Tarapore was constituted to go into the merits of full convertibility on capital accounts. RBI has initiated measures for freeing the interest rate structure. It has also envisioned Mumbai Inter Bank Offer Rate (MIBOR) on the line of London Inter Bank Offer Rate (LIBOR) as a step towards introducing Futures trading in Interest Rates and Forex. Badla transactions have been banned in all 23 stock exchanges from July 2001. NSE has started trading in index options based on the NIFTY and certain Stocks. In the decade of 1990s revolutionary changes took place in the institutional infrastructure in Indias equity market. It has led to wholly new ideas in market design that has come to dominate the market. These new institutional arrangements, coupled with the widespread knowledge and orientation towards equity investment and speculation, have combined to provide an environment where the equity spot market is now Indias most sophisticated financial market. One aspect of the sophistication of the equity market is seen in the levels of market liquidity that are now visible. The market impact cost of doing program trades of Rs. 5 million at the NIFTY index is around 0. 2%. This state of liquidity on the equity spot market does well for the market efficiency, which will be observed if the index futures market when trading commences. Indias equity spot market is dominated by a new practice called Futures Style settlement or account period settlement. In its present scene, trades on the largest stock exchange (NSE) are netted from Wednesday morning till Tuesday evening, and only the net open position as of Tuesday evening is settled. The future style settlement has proved to be an ideal launching pad for the skills that are required for futures trading. Stock trading is widely prevalent in India, hence it seems easy to think that derivatives based on individual securities could be very important. The index is the counter piece of portfolio analysis in modern financial economies. Index fluctuations affect all portfolios. The index is much harder to manipulate. This is particularly important given the weaknesses of Law Enforcement in India, which have made numerous manipulative episodes possible. The market capitalisation of the NSE-50 index is Rs. 2. 6 trillion. This is six times larger than the market capitalisation of the largest stock and 500 times larger than stocks such as Sterlite, BPL and Videocon. If market manipulation is used to artificially obtain 10% move in the price of a stock with a 10% weight in the NIFTY, this yields a 1% in the NIFTY. Cash settlements, which is universally used with index derivatives, also helps in terms of reducing the vulnerability to market manipulation, in so far as the short-squeeze is not a problem. Thus, index derivatives are inherently less vulnerable to market manipulation. A good index is a sound trade of between diversification and liquidity. In India the traditional index- the BSE sensitive index was created by a committee of stockbrokers in 1986. It predates a modern understanding of issues in index construction and recognition of the pivotal role of the market index in modern finance. The flows of this index and the importance of the market index in modern finance, motivated the development of the NSE-50 index in late 1995. Many mutual funds have now adopted the NIFTY as the benchmark for their performance evaluation efforts. If the stock derivatives have to come about, the should restricted to the most liquid stocks. Membership in the NSE-50 index appeared to be a fair test of liquidity. The 50 stocks in the NIFTY are assuredly the most liquid stocks in India. The choice of Futures vs. Options is often debated. The difference between these instruments is smaller than, commonly imagined, for a futures position is identical to an appropriately chosen long call and short put position. Hence, futures position can always be created once options exist. Individuals or firms can choose to employ positions where their downside and exposure is capped by using options. Risk management of the futures clearing is more complex when options are in the picture. When portfolios contain options, the calculation of initial price requires greater skill and more powerful computers. The skills required for pricing options are greater than those required in pricing futures. In India, the futures market for commodities evolved by the setting up of the Bombay Cotton Trade Association Ltd. , in 1875. A separate association by the name Bombay Cotton Exchange Ltd was established following widespread discontent amongst leading cotton mill owners and merchants over the functioning of the Bombay Cotton Trade Association. With the setting up of the Gujarati Vyapari Mandali in 1900, the futures trading in oilseed began. Commodities like groundnut, castor seed and cotton etc began to be exchanged. Raw jute and jute goods began to be traded in Calcutta with the establishment of the Calcutta Hessian Exchange Ltd. in 1919. The most notable centres for existence of futures market for wheat were the Chamber of Commerce at Hapur, which was established in 1913. Other markets were located at Amritsar, Moga, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Fazilka, Dhuri, Barnala and Bhatinda in Punjab and Muzaffarnagar, Chandausi, Meerut, Saharanpur, Hathras, Gaziabad, Sikenderabad and Barielly in U. P. The Bullion Futures market began in Bombay in 1990. After the economic reforms in 1991 and the trade liberalization, the Govt. of India appointed in June 1993 one more committee on Forward Markets under Chairmanship of Prof. K. N. Kabra. The Committee recommended that futures trading be introduced in basmati rice, cotton, raw jute and jute goods, groundnut, rapeseed/mustard seed, cottonseed, sesame seed, sunflower seed, safflower seed, copra and soybean, and oils and oilcakes of all of them, rice bran oil, castor oil and its oilcake, linseed, silver and onions. All over the world commodity trade forms the major backbone of the economy. In India, trading volumes in the commodity market have also seen a steady rise to Rs 5,71,000 crore in FY05 from Rs 1,29,000 crore in FY04. In the current fiscal year, trading volumes in the commodity market have already crossed Rs 3,50,000 crore in the first four months of trading. Some of the commodities traded in India include Agricultural Commodities like Rice Wheat, Soya, Groundnut, Tea, Coffee, Jute, Rubber, Spices, Cotton, Precious Metals like Gold Silver, Base Metals like Iron Ore, Aluminium, Nickel, Lead, Zinc and Energy Commodities like crude oil, coal. Commodities form around 50% of the Indian GDP. Though there are no institutions or banks in commodity exchanges, as yet, the market for commodities is bigger than the market for securities. Commodities market is estimated to be around Rs 44,00,000 Crores in future. Assuming a future trading multiple is about 4 times the physical market, in many countries it is much higher at around 10 times.

Authenticity in Trumpet

Authenticity in Trumpet Jackie Kay’s novel Trumpet depicts characters who naturally challenge the conventional perceptions of race, gender, identity, and other socially constructed aspects of humanity. The text is set in the United Kingdom in the early to mid twentieth century, a time when being unconventional in these respects was particularly taboo. Kays novel establishes that many facets of identity cannot be viewed through an essentialist lens, and Kay uses the believable authenticity of her characters to exemplify this idea by pitting authenticity against societal norms. The main characters of the novel exhibit a variety of unconventional characteristics. Joss Moody, for example, is the biracial offspring of a Black man and a White woman, and the text frequently alludes to the inevitability of his parents’ marriage creating tensions and obstacles during his youth, even without directly depicting much of his childhood. Joss also marries Millie, a White woman, despite everyone perceiving him as incontrovertibly Black; Millie’s own family is reluctant to accept the aberrant relationship that she cements with Joss. Above all, though, the most pertinent challenge to societal norms is the fact that Joss is biologically female and living as a heterosexual man. This challenge is compounded by Joss and Millie adopting a son, Colman, to satisfy Millie’s yearn for a child. Even adopted children are faced with the life of being inherently unconventional, simply because they are raised by guardians other than their biological parents. With regard to the very unconventional characteristics depicted in the text, though, Kay makes a point to balance them against a conventional perception in such a way as to prove that these conventions are not fixed. Rather, conventional observers erroneously fail to consider perspectives that society has marginalized. For example, Kay bothers to mention several times that Colman actually favors his father, especially in his youth; consequently, many people make the mistake of claiming to see a resemblance that biologically is not present. On a more significant level, everyone in the text believes unquestioningly that Joss is a man until it is found out that he is biologically female. Joss lives as a man in every aspect of his life, even in ways that would not be necessary if he were only doing so to be a Jazz musician (i.e. courting, dating, marrying, and having frequent sex with Millie); this lifestyle points to the authenticity of Joss’s masculinity given that the very idea of authenticity is left undefined and undisputed. Even after learning that Joss is biologically female and still consenting to marry him, Millie only questions her relationship with Joss relative to having a baby; even then, she does not question the validity of the relationship. She genuinely asks herself, â€Å"Why can’t he give me a child? He can do everything else. Walk like a man, talk like a man, dress like a man, blow his horn like a man. Why can’t he get me pregnant† (Kay 61). Millie refers to Joss with masculine pronouns and describes the several ways in which Joss is every bit the man she wants. The only aspect of manhood she cannot find in him is the biological one, a factor that speaks to the authenticity of Joss’s gender challenging his sex. Late in the novel, Millie describes part of her and Joss’s morning routine after they had been married for a while, and what she describes further establishes masculinity as Joss’s authentic persona. It also alludes to her love for the man that Joss was as opposed to any attempt to delude herself into believing he was a man in order to facilitate some counterfeit love. She says, I wrapped two cream bandages around his breasts every morning, early. I wrapped them round and round, tight. I didn’t think about anything except doing it well. [†¦] I don’t remember thinking much. I had to help him get dressed so that he could enjoy his day and be comfortable. [†¦] He was always more comfortable when he was dressed. More secure somehow. My handsome tall man. He’d smile at me shyly. He’d say, ‘How do I look?’ And I’d say, ‘Perfect. You look perfect’ (Kay 317-8). In this passage, Millie says multiple times tha t she didn’t think about anything other than ensuring that her husband was comfortable. His security was her primary concern, and after Joss was dressed and secure in his manhood, they were both at ease. She is even able to admire the man she helps to build, an admiration which makes nothing but sense in light of the clichà © school of thought that every good man is a man that a good woman helped to build. Through instances such as the morning routine, Trumpet uses Joss’s authenticity to challenge the conventional views of gender in the early twentieth century. In doing so, Kays text parallels this major challenge with several other ancillary challenges to societal norms. The purpose of this pervasive trope is to show the variability of identity that the most rigid traditional conventions refuse to acknowledge.

Malleability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Malleability - Essay Example A person cannot remain the same from birth to death - changes are inevitable. These changes not only comprise of physical and growth, but also of the mental capacities. When these mental capabilities expand along with one's horizons, he tends to perceive the world in a much better manner. When one experiences different situations and lives his daily life around people, he learns how to behave in certain situations and what actions to take when one is encountering a particular scene. All these instances shape the thinking, perceptions, judgments, relationships, and even one's simple lifestyle; all this leads to a change in a person's fixed dispositions, traits, attributes and characteristics - a change in personality. This change in personality is only possible when a person is flexible or say, malleable. If one is too rigid and has a fixed path of actions that they follow, life becomes very difficult for them. This reason behind this is that it is impossible to a person to fit into every situation with his particular traits. When a person understands the situation and comprehends what course of action needs to be performed, he might realize that the action is not compatible with his personality; thus, demanding a flex in his traits.

Communication and Relational Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication and Relational Dynamics - Essay Example Relational maintenance is one thing I have learned that I would use in future. Instead of drawing apart from people who I will come close to in the workplace, I would rather maintain the relationship. Discussion on managing dialectical tensions has enhanced my understanding of my communication style. In the face of tension and confusion, I have learned how to go to one side by denying the other. Balancing is another way I can manage tensions; by partially responding to both parties. Recalibration can also help to avoid any opposition from one party. Reaffirmation is yet another way that relates to being positive about a situation. These ways have enlightened me how I can respond to tensions in different circumstances.I am going to use metacommunication as a way to resolve conflict in a more constructive manner. We can resolve the conflict between my coworker, and I through this. What I like most in this discussion are the characteristics of relationships. It is interesting how relati onships turn out to be. You can be romantically involved with someone you will end up marrying you, but it reaches a point where disagreements come in making the relationship to come to an end. They keep on changing and are affected by culture. The least liked discussion was of the types of relational messages which I did not grasp how they occur. I suggest the topic on types of relational messages should be done individually to enhance my understanding and feature in YouTube for easier access.

Adult and embryonic stem cells-2 Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Adult and embryonic stem cells-2 - Thesis Example In fact, the uproar from Christian groups in the US was largely responsible for President Bush’s decision regarding research on human embryonic stem cells that put a ban on further production and use of hESCs, and limiting the research to existing sixty lines of hESCs. Though this consoled the priests and other religious figures in the US, this decision also received much opposition from other religious groups within US and other parts of the world. For instance, Protestants believed in the apostle that stated, ‘We may not do evil so that good may come.’ The Orthodox Christian Church argued that ‘the very act of killing those embryos is evil, and we may not profit from evil even to achieve a good and noble end’ (Waters and Cole-Turner, 2003; p.173). Islamic scripture indicating that life begins in the embryo after 40 days post fertilization has given rise to many other perspectives on embryonic stem cell research (Peterson, 2003). However, the Hindu and Buddhist beliefs are not centered around the life of embryo but on doctrines of karma (action or duty) and ahimsa (nonviolence). In connection with this, Jafari et al (2008, p. 90) point out that the intentions of donors, needs, scientists’ beliefs, and the potential recipients are important factors that determine the fate of embryonic stem cell (ESC) research and its clinical applications. This article concludes that Muslims, Jews and the majority of Protestants favor ESC research from a religion perspective (see Appendix 1.1), but do have moral and ethical considerations attached to destruction of embryos. The varied religious beliefs have resulted in great debate over ESC research in multiple dimensions that have emerged from theological, ethical, and/or moral convicti ons in various parts of the world. Gotweis, Slater and Waldby (2009) argue that little evidence exists to prove

Theories in Criminal Justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theories in Criminal Justice - Research Paper Example Since these studies started a long time ago, there has been the development of several theories among the criminologists to answer these questions. On the other hand, there are likely to be multidisciplinary causes of criminal behavior (Lawrence, 2011). Criminology theory gives a scientific explanation of the reasons why people commit crimes. Although criminology theory has different elements, which try to stand alone to expound on criminal behavior, there has to be an interrelation of factors to give the true explanation. Among the four different elements of criminology theory are biological factors, psychological factors, sociological factors, and rational choice. It is necessary to understand each element for better understanding on a true explanation of criminal behavior (Strider, 2011). Conversely, the theories depend on logic to explain whether the criminal act is the result of a rational decision, internal predisposition or external aspects and why a person commits a crime. Co nsequently, it is through these theories that the judicial and law system is structured (Divico, 2011). The study of the relationships between societal influences and crime depicts sociological Positivism. A study of social structures within an offenders environment, for example, peer groups, socioeconomic status, subculture, family and education level that cause his criminality is under sociological theory. Moreover, the theory tries to explain how an offender sticks to his environs, becoming a product of his environment and social learning. According to this concept, under certain circumstances like strain including poverty, a breakdown in the family or moral values and family.

Managing Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Managing Innovation and Change - Essay Example According to the article â€Å"Employee Environmental innovation in the firms: organizational and Managerial† propagates ethical competence where collective organizational efforts are required to instill values of different employees. Formidable decisions and their outcomes are positive and reflect in the organizational behavior that ignites and maintains the firm’s standards for creativity and quality innovations. Businesspersons require being visionary people who are both original and goal oriented. According to â€Å"Managing Innovation and Change† by David Mayle, Encapsulates Competency in communication where capabilities to incorporate viable methodologies in transmitting new ideological proposals are upheld to the uttermost. This relies heavily on individual communication skills, pinpointing relevant information and ideas and the ability to give direct examples of behavioral causes and their effects. Therefore, modern technology revolutionizes communication and the management of the business. According to â€Å"Organizational Behavior† by Don Hellriegel and John W. Slocum, Expounds on competency in diversity whereby a firm should recognize the importance of its employees as well as identifying organizational strengths and weak points.There should be unity among firm employees regardless of their backgrounds and traits. Strategic positioning of employees in different geographical areas is also important in order to develop quality ideas and products. Based on the â€Å"Organizational Innovation: studies of program change in community Agencies† emphasis is put on the usefulness of excellent and reliable communication channels and skills among employees working in a firm’s production line. Efficiency and effectiveness of the firm are dependent on formidable communication skills. â€Å"Organizational Behavior: from Theory to Practice† defines organizational behavior as the studying of people, processes, and pra ctices that affect individual and organizational operations. Trait differences should not compromise employees’ unity working in the firm. According to the article â€Å"Organizational Behavior: Integrating Individuals, Groups, and Organization† embracing information technology connects a firm to its suppliers, employees, clients, and the world in general. Advertising of products is objective plus the organizational and employees’ interests are all catered for excellently.

Adult and embryonic stem cells-2 Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Adult and embryonic stem cells-2 - Thesis Example In fact, the uproar from Christian groups in the US was largely responsible for President Bush’s decision regarding research on human embryonic stem cells that put a ban on further production and use of hESCs, and limiting the research to existing sixty lines of hESCs. Though this consoled the priests and other religious figures in the US, this decision also received much opposition from other religious groups within US and other parts of the world. For instance, Protestants believed in the apostle that stated, ‘We may not do evil so that good may come.’ The Orthodox Christian Church argued that ‘the very act of killing those embryos is evil, and we may not profit from evil even to achieve a good and noble end’ (Waters and Cole-Turner, 2003; p.173). Islamic scripture indicating that life begins in the embryo after 40 days post fertilization has given rise to many other perspectives on embryonic stem cell research (Peterson, 2003). However, the Hindu and Buddhist beliefs are not centered around the life of embryo but on doctrines of karma (action or duty) and ahimsa (nonviolence). In connection with this, Jafari et al (2008, p. 90) point out that the intentions of donors, needs, scientists’ beliefs, and the potential recipients are important factors that determine the fate of embryonic stem cell (ESC) research and its clinical applications. This article concludes that Muslims, Jews and the majority of Protestants favor ESC research from a religion perspective (see Appendix 1.1), but do have moral and ethical considerations attached to destruction of embryos. The varied religious beliefs have resulted in great debate over ESC research in multiple dimensions that have emerged from theological, ethical, and/or moral convicti ons in various parts of the world. Gotweis, Slater and Waldby (2009) argue that little evidence exists to prove

Managing Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Managing Innovation and Change - Essay Example According to the article â€Å"Employee Environmental innovation in the firms: organizational and Managerial† propagates ethical competence where collective organizational efforts are required to instill values of different employees. Formidable decisions and their outcomes are positive and reflect in the organizational behavior that ignites and maintains the firm’s standards for creativity and quality innovations. Businesspersons require being visionary people who are both original and goal oriented. According to â€Å"Managing Innovation and Change† by David Mayle, Encapsulates Competency in communication where capabilities to incorporate viable methodologies in transmitting new ideological proposals are upheld to the uttermost. This relies heavily on individual communication skills, pinpointing relevant information and ideas and the ability to give direct examples of behavioral causes and their effects. Therefore, modern technology revolutionizes communication and the management of the business. According to â€Å"Organizational Behavior† by Don Hellriegel and John W. Slocum, Expounds on competency in diversity whereby a firm should recognize the importance of its employees as well as identifying organizational strengths and weak points.There should be unity among firm employees regardless of their backgrounds and traits. Strategic positioning of employees in different geographical areas is also important in order to develop quality ideas and products. Based on the â€Å"Organizational Innovation: studies of program change in community Agencies† emphasis is put on the usefulness of excellent and reliable communication channels and skills among employees working in a firm’s production line. Efficiency and effectiveness of the firm are dependent on formidable communication skills. â€Å"Organizational Behavior: from Theory to Practice† defines organizational behavior as the studying of people, processes, and pra ctices that affect individual and organizational operations. Trait differences should not compromise employees’ unity working in the firm. According to the article â€Å"Organizational Behavior: Integrating Individuals, Groups, and Organization† embracing information technology connects a firm to its suppliers, employees, clients, and the world in general. Advertising of products is objective plus the organizational and employees’ interests are all catered for excellently.

Convey the story Essay Example for Free

Convey the story Essay Heloise and Abelard by James Burger has its place among the most famous biographies that were written about the pair of lovers who lived in Medieval Age, and which is based on the correspondence the two held. It opens a new perspective on the life of the Dark Ages, on its institutions and philosophies, and most of all, on its theology. The lovers who became the victims of the religious age they lived in, that could not admit their love, or any other type of love, for that matter, except religious love. The characters themselves are besides the initiators of free love, the ones who foresee the escape from the too rigid, rule-based religion of the Medieval centuries: â€Å"Let us read after this the famous Colloquy of Erasmus, The Franciscan, and we will find repeated all the essential ideas of Heloise: Christ preached but one religion, the same for layfolk and monks; the Christian renounces the world and professes to live only for Christ, and St. Paul did not preach this doctrine for monks but for everyone; layfolk, even the married, are bound to chastity and poverty quite as much as monks; in short, the only rule binding the Christian is the Gospel. Once she has adopted this course, Heloises frank and direct reason would not let her stop. Carried away by her own logic she was to touch, one after the other, almost all the critical points on which the humanists and reformers of the sixteenth century are so insistent. Why forbid meat to monks? Meat in itself is neither good nor bad. Let us not attach religious importance to things which in fact have none. Nothing counts save what can lead us to the kingdom of God. Let us forget, then, these exterior practices common to truly pious souls and to hypocrites, It is only interior acts that really count for the Christian. The rest is Judaism. † (Gilson, 132) Thus, the point that the story of Heloise and Abelard is trying to make, is that theirs was the one of the most tragic examples of the many failures of the Medieval Age, which persecuted through religion and rigid commandments, trough enclosing monasteries and punishments of all kind, instead of opening the road to what true spirituality means. The touching and tragic story of the lovers impresses because of the nobility of their thoughts and feelings, and also to the spectacular love story, which remains intense throughout their lives. Love is blended with the Christian doctrine, and the lovers try to find a bridge between the two, something that will only be found later in the history or religion, with the advent of humanism. 2. Explain who Heloise and Abelard were. What is their background and upbringing? What brings their paths together? Heloise and Abelard form one of the most famous couples known for their romantic love, so often compared to such immortal stories like that of Romeo and Juliet. However, their story is the real account of a twelfth century couple that lasted throughout the centuries both because of the unusual love story that united them, and also because of the startling sincerity and openness of the letters that favors a clear view of their characters and lives, and of the circumstances of the century they lived in. Pierre Abelard was a well-known philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, whose studies have been concerned with mainly with logic and dialectics in the early years, and then with ethics and theology later on in his life. Of the account he himself gives of his early life in the letter addressed to his friend Philintus, we find that in his early youth he discovered his â€Å"natural genius for study†, and became â€Å"smitten with love for books†, so much so that he decided to renounce at once the fortune that father had bestowed on him as his eldest son, to his brothers and to dedicate himself entirely to learning. His passion and ambition to become a great logician soon brought him notoriety inside the circles of scholars, and he stood out as one of the most reputed teachers of his time. It is in the midst of his glory as a philosopher that the event that will change his life forever occurs: he sees Heloise, the niece of a certain Fulbert. She is belongs to a lower social class than he but she is equal in all else to him: she is literate and very learned, perhaps even surpassing him in depth of thought and feeling. All these were unique and very rare qualities in a medieval woman. Abelard concocts the perfect means of making her acquaintance, with a clear intention to conquer her and make her his mistress. He talks to the uncle, and after having offered him a sum of money, he obtains the latter’s assent to instruct his daughter as her teacher. Heloise, who has reason enough to admire him for his knowledge and brilliant mind, soon falls in love with him and becomes his lover, without the slightest resistance. It is here that their fascinating but tragic story actually begins. 3. Who was William of Champeaux? Discuss his influence in the life of Abelard. Why did Abelard achieve both acclaim and notoriety? Abelard has been, because of his originality of thought, in controversy with many of the philosophers of the age, among these, William of Champeaux, who began by being his teacher, but who was soon outwitted in the lectures he gave by his student. This naturally created animosity between the two, and it became even more founded when Abelard started teaching himself, and drew to his side most of the students that formerly had been instructed by Champeaux: â€Å"I put myself under the direction of one Champeaux, a professor who had acquired the character of the most skilful philosopher of his age, but by negative excellencies only as being the least ignorant! He received me with great demonstrations of kindness, but I was not so happy as to please him long; for I was too knowing in the subjects he discoursed upon, and I often confuted his notions. Frequently in our disputations I pushed a good argument so home that all his subtlety was not able to elude its force. It was impossible he should see himself surpassed by his scholar without resentment. It is sometimes dangerous to have too much merit. Envy increased against me in proportion to my reputation. † ( I) Abelard was many times an envied scholar, and later on, he was even accused of heresy for his ideas, by the enemies he always made in his circle. But, nevertheless, he became more and more notorious, because of the originality and novelty of his ideas, and especially because of his passion and ability for logic and argumentation. 4. How do Heloise and Abelard fall in love? What challenges must their relationship overcome? What were the consequences for both Abelard and Heloise? What is transcendent or universal about their love story? Together in the house of Heloise’s uncle, under the assumed masks of teacher and student, Heloise and Abelard begin their love story. As it becomes clear from Abelard’s own confessions in the letters to her, and from the imputations she brings on him, in her turn, the beginning of their of their affair was due more to his lust and incontinence rather than to his feelings for her: â€Å"Was it not the sole thought of pleasure which engaged you to me? And has not my tenderness, by leaving you nothing to wish for, extinguished your desires? Wretched Heloise! you could please when you wished to avoid it; you merited incense when you could remove to a distance the hand that offered it: but since your heart has been softened and has yielded, since you have devoted and sacrificed yourself, you are deserted and forgotten! † (II) Heloise however, seems to have given herself completely to her feelings to him, from beginning to end of their love story. After they remained together for the space of a few months, but their love was son discovered by Heloise’s uncle, who, enraged, demanded compensation from Abelard for his offense against the family honor. Abelard decides to marry Heloise, and when the latter becomes pregnant he sends her away to Britanny, to the care of his sister. The actual situation of the two lovers can not be fully comprehended without placing it in the Medieval context. Thus, it would perhaps seem natural to a modern reader that marriage be a solution for Abelard and Heloise, one that would confer legitimacy on their bond, both from the point of view of religion and from that of moral. However, this was not the case at all, for a few clear reasons. First of all, both Abelard and Heloise were both learned people, with such strict and high spiritual aspirations that they were incompatible with the idea of lay marriage. Abelard wanted for himself the kind of pure life that he admired in Saint Jerome or Seneca, and which would bring him the glory he longed for. For Heloise his glory would have been her glory too, so she was actually the one who withstood all she could the idea of marriage. In the strict sense of the world, according to the Medieval moral and religious laws, Abelard had the right to marry, without losing by this act the right to teach or his clerical dignity. The actual danger was that they, as all Medieval scholars, regarded marriage as a form of weakness and incontinence, that would inevitably and permanently drive a scholar away from his prayers and philosophical inquiries. Marriage was therefore considered degrading, and not a lot better than fornication for the ones who aspired to become theologians, because it had the same consequences – surrendering to sensual pleasures and forgetting one’s duty to God: â€Å"If therefore laymen and pagans have lived thus, without the restrictions of a religious profession, how much the more is it your duty to do so, you who are a cleric and a canon, lest you should come to prefer shameful pleasures to the divine service, lest you cast yourself into the gulf of Charybdis and perish, lest you should destroy yourself in these obscenities to the mockery of the whole world. (III) It is precisely in this conflict between their great passion and their aspiration for spiritual heroism, that the tragedy of Heloise and Abelard begins, even more so, when we consider that the spiritual ideals they tried to attain were not imposed on them from the outside, but were their own, and therefore as powerful as their love. It is this context that makes possible the famous and extraordinary statement of Heloise to Abelard, in which she declares that she would rather be his mistress or his prostitute than his wife: â€Å"You cannot but be entirely persuaded of this by the extreme unwillingness I showed to marry you, though I knew that the name of wife was honorable in the world and holy in religion; yet the name of your mistress had greater charms because it was freer. The bonds of matrimony, however honorable, still bear with them a necessary engagement and I was very unwilling to be necessitated to love always a man who would perhaps not always love me. † (II) As she herself declares it, Heloise believed in the disinteresedness of love, and considered, ahead of the time she lived in, that marriage does nothing to preserve the purity of love, but, on the contrary, makes it the slave of ambition or other advantages that are not love itself. Love is not to be confused with mere life or be put under the same necessities as the latter, as it would happen in a marriage, and this is seemingly what the story of Heloise and Abelard signified: a love that surpassed in intensity and nobility the limitations of simple life: â€Å"You have very justly observed in your letter that I esteemed those public engagements insipid which form alliances only to be dissolved by death, and which put life and love under the same unhappy necessity. ( )With what ease did you compose verses! And yet those ingenious trifles, which were but a recreation to you, are still the entertainment and delight of persons of the best taste. The smallest song, the least sketch of anything you made for me, had a thousand beauties capable of making it last as long as there are lovers in the world. Thus those songs will be sung in honor of other women which you designed only for me, and those tender and natural expressions which spoke your love will help others to explain their passion with much more advantage than they themselves are capable of. † (IV) Heloise already takes pride in their love story as something universal that will be used as a ground for comparison for future couples who will be bound by so great a love. The two loved each other with such great ardor and nobility, that their love is pure in spite of their sin. In spite of Heloise’s noble attitude that can not consent either to the loss of glory by the man she loves or to the degrading of noble and free love by binding it to the hearse of marriage, the two eventually contract a â€Å"secret marriage†, a compromise imposed by Abelard, so as not to lose Heloise but at the same time, to maintain his respectfulness in public. Abelard sends his wife to the monastery of Argenteuil to avoid further rumors about their marriage, already dressing her in the nun habit, without knowing that she will wear it forever afterwards . The climax of these happenings comes with the barbaric act of revenge that Heloise’s uncle commits. He bribes the servants of Abelard and these allow for someone to enter the room of their master by night and castrate him. This terrible and symbolic revenge is perhaps what made the love story between Heloise and Abelard legendary. Afterwards, they both retire in convents, Heloise being the first to put on the veil, at Abelard’s command, who not being able to posses her anymore, shuts her up from the world in his jealousy, so that she might never belong to anyone else. This is perhaps the greatest and incontestable act of love and sacrifice she performs for him, surrendering herself completely, and renouncing the greatest thing for him: not the world, as he thought, but him, the man she loved. Their love becomes transcendental and universal through the very passion that fettered them when they were together, but which also manifested itself in their acts of renouncement.

Organizational Output of Pfizer

Organizational Output of Pfizer Organizational Output Introduction Output generally refers to the things produced. output, in terms of the production unit means total number of products generated for a given duration and the various cost associated with the production. Outputs also refer to the number of customers visited in a given time. The organization needs to become accustomed, if there is a decline in the output of the organization due to alteration in the external or internal environment. Key outputs Key outputs of the Pfizer include opening of Manufacturing facilities, New innovative products And financial outcome (Pfizer Inc Third-Quarter 2004 Performance Report, 2008). Manufacturing facilities: Pfizer Inc, the giant in Healthcare opened its manufacturing facility in Singapore of about $600. This investment will support the extensive plans of the companys operations. In Asia, this investment has made the Pfizer important active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing plant. It is an entirely automatic facility. This facility in Singapore will prove to be an important link in manufacturing and developing dynamic ingredients that will be used in Neurontin. For tablets and capsules production, these ingredients are used and are transported to the drug product plants. The output obtained by the manufacturing plant will promote the global sales of about many billion US dollars. Pfizer selected this particular place because of well established corporate information technology unit (Kotler, 2002). From an American-intensive chemical manufacturing company, Pfizer has shifted to a global research based pharmaceutical business. As a result, it has become the worlds biggest healthcare company based on research. Products: In 2007, the company performed extremely well and made such changes that have enhanced its future performance. Lyrica, Sutent and Chantix played a Key role and performed extremely well. Currently Pfizer has ten dissimilar divisions and encourages thirty-one diverse main products. Within each groups, the divisions and major products are: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, which includes Lipitor, Caduet, Norvasc, Diabetes, Arthritis and Pain, Central Nervous System Disorders, Infectious and Respiratory Diseases. Apart from this, Pfizer have six products that are into the pipeline of RD. Financial outcome: In 2007, the company reflected strong financial performance. The company focused on constructing the value by attaining the financial goals, restricting spending, and maintaining the cost structure. In order to deliver the vast shareholder return, new program is approved by Board of Directors. Apart from this, the company announced an increase of 10% in the first-quarter of 2008. This has increased the share holder wealth. In the fourth-quarter of 2007, Pfizer showed revenue of $13.1 billion and in the year-ago quarter; it reflected an increase of 4%. Foreign exchange has a great impact on revenue of Fourth-quarter 2007. Apart from this, there is an increase in the second quarter revenues. In 2005, Pfizer showed a net income of $8,085 million, this reflected a decline of 29% in 2004. The company has the huge budget allocated for RD. It has strong predictable cash flow in the next thirty months. Last but not the least, Pfizer shows a stable EPS growth (Organizationa l Culture and Product Innovation, 2004). Relevance of these outcomes in my study These outputs play an important role in estimating the company’s strength and achieving its long term objectives. Apart from this, these also support the extensive plans of the companys operations and increase the shareholders’ wealth. Innovative products can bring huge profits for the company, since they will attract the consumers. New product development is the strong capability of the Pfizer due to its determination, focus and dedication to research. Pfizer is becoming financially secure because of the company’s strong endeavor for developing the new innovative products. Hence, these form the important part of the study. Interrelation between the outcomes All these outputs can not operate independently; they are interlinked to each other. To develop innovative services and products is a critical issue for any company and it determines the level of financial outcome that the company will receive. If the company plans to open the manufacturing facilities, it has to see the scope for the new innovative products. Company will try to find out the success rate it will obtain by opening the new facilities. Financial measures are taken as the lagging indicators that derive the outcomes from precedent actions. Restricted reliance on financial indicators will lead to the behavior that forgoes long-term creation of value for short-term performance. Hence, proper estimation of the financial constraints is important. To expand the company business the company needs to be sound in its financial policies. Greater the financial outcome greater will be the company’s strength. Innovative products have the capability to secure the company financially. In the pharmaceutical industry, product market is getting saturated and forcing the company to spend a huge portion of budgets on differentiation of product and in the marketing activities among the competitors. Synergies created by the output Positive synergy is created by these outputs. If they are properly aligned, they can yield to a huge profit. The proper investment in any field is precious because the firm gets the opportunity to take the advantage of new opportunities, which can derive the continuing development for the company. The total budget assigned for the development of new products by the company is the highest in the industry and can not be imitated by the competitors. Hence, development of new product development is exclusive and valuable to the organization. For this, the company uses the patent and license. New product helps in acquiring strong product portfolio. Proper financial investment in sales force plays a critical role as it determines the company’s strength in terms of profits and revenue. This example was found in the products such as Stutent and Lurica. The company’s internal process should be in line with the Pfizer external functions and must focus on the reorganizing procedur es and processes so as to develop the efficiency in the operational activities to achieve a competitive advantage by spending fewer amounts. On the other hand, huge problems can arise if there is lack of proper coordination between these outcomes. All the outcomes are interlinked, so if they are not managed properly, they can put the company in trouble. Therefore, development of facilities requires huge research. And for this, company is required to properly allocate the resources to all the departments. Major chunk of revenue is used in the research and the development. If any wrong decision is taken related to the development of new product without undergoing through analysis, the company can incur the huge financial losses, which will ultimately hamper the trust of the various stake holders of the company. If any strategy is missed out, it will lead to the space for the substitute products; for this, the company has to incur heavy loss. Therefore company should take the proactive steps in order to defend the competitors. For this, the in depth analysis is required by the company. Therefore, efforts of all the departments in a coordinated manner are required (Kotler, 2002). References Kotler, P. (2002). Marketing Management: Strategies of Pfizer (11th Edition). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. Organizational Culture and Product Innovation. (2004). International Business Review 13(6): 685-703. Pfizer Inc Third-Quarter 2004 Performance Report. (2008). Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104STORY=/www/story/10-20-2004/0002289038EDATE= Pfizer: A healthy business vision. (2004). Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news_room/publications/singapore_investment04/singapore_investment10/pfizer_a_healthy.html