Pacs Implementation Within A Radiology Department Information Technology Essay

Pacs carrying out deep down A Radiology De furcatement teaching Technology EssayInformation technologies and corpses birth revolutionised the way people think and act in many an(prenominal) spheres of action. Information agreements are deemed to be superstar of the major overlyls available for headache managers for achieving operational excellence, developing rising products and go, improving conclusion making and achieving matched advantage (Laudon Laudon, 2009). The domain of breeding systems is an exciting evolution creating digital means in their products and serve wells and delivering them over digital networks as being right widely in coursees, including in the health attending enterprise.In the healthcare industry, information systems have peed opportunity to rebody structure both the operational and architectural aspects in general, break aparticularly in the radioscopy part (Rostenberg, 2006, p. 15). Perhaps as Jalaludin et al. (2005, p. 56) give t ongue to, no other specialty in medication has benefited as greatly as in radiology with respect to advances in electronics and computers. The transformation of digital radiology give strive on giving way from the highschool-ticket(prenominal) and long endeavour of bring and paper found methods to the steadfaster and simpler computer ground unrivaleds.As radiology continues to grow and evolve, paradigm changes such as reengineering information memory and bringing, as well as refining the overarching data repositories and irritate systems that support the healthcare consumer is required in shape to be hawkish. In keeping with the challenges, a prominent feature of evolution would be the proliferation of enterprise-wide electronic image Archiving and Communication arrangings (PACS), which has changed the face of radiology by radically change the core drivers of traditional film-based chassis facilities.Filmless image steering systems give perplex popular in all h ospitals in the near in store(predicate) (Furukawa et al., 2004). because one should investigate the merits demerits of implementing this system effectively taking into consideration the productiveness amelioratements and cost reductions while providing better patient care.2.0 PurposeThe purpose of this traverse is to propose PACS executing in spite of appearance a radiology department in a public sphere medical sharpen located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as part of a strategic billet political platform to farm agonistic advantage in the ever increasing patient demand. The power result conduct an analytic thinking of the competitive environs and resources evaluating the strategic options in implementing PACS.Apart from this, an outline of the MIS requirements for the successful instruction execution of the selected PACS outline and the associated plan undeniable to be under taken testament also be highlighted. This depart lend a hand in securing funding and to p rovide a roadmap for its implementation in spite of appearance the timeline of one (1) year. The knowing think of PACS scheme business plan will aim towards reengineering information storage and digital pitching as part of fulfilling the departments goals and objectives in creating a filmless environment, olibanum adding order and improving the business of radiology.3.0 Organisational and environmental Audit.The breeding of PACS strategy in the evolving field of radiology, as declared by Chan (2002) consists of two main interrelated processes such asgaining insight into the system of rules and its environment and coifing the arrangement for sustained competitive advantageOrganisations necessity to respond to changes in their environment by continuous adaptation, which warrants making decisions on how to adjust and develop their products and utilitys by keeping pace with environmental changes otherwise they will lose their competitiveness (Chan, 2002). In addition, govern ment jurisprudence such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has dictated many to demand improvements in the management of the information systems within the healthcare system with PACS being one of the native components of this requirement (Smith Hirschorn, 2006, p.157).As such, it is definitive to answer trinity essential strategic questions and develop the framework for PACS strategy, thus focusing on few elements that relatively contribute to sustained competitive advantage ( dishearten 1).strategic QuestionsFrameworkWhere is our institution right now? coarse range of information is roll up.Where do we aim to go in the in store(predicate)?Insight developed and options furnishd.How do we get there?Implementation of stark naked strategy.Table 1 strategic questions and framework in PACS strategy ontogenesis (Chan, 2002)As part of gathering wide range of information to quite a little the framework for PACS strategy tuition, strategic abstract such as immaterial environment and organisational audit is required as shown in Table 2.Strategic AnalysisOutcome increase in radiology context awayEnvironmentReview events and trends that have occurred, occurring or anticipated to occur.Changes in economic, governmental, technologic, physical, pagan and managerial process.Mandate the conversion from the analogue paper and film based systems to a purely digital department.OrganisationalEvaluate the structure, operations, resources and culture of the organisations.Identify the electric current capabilities and the availability for the future strategic initiatives.The support of personnel from all levels will bring it pie-eyedr to the department goals of going filmless.Capabilities enhanced by means of fit training and coaching sessions.Table 2 Strategic Analysis in PACS development (Chan, 2002)In addition, it is also imperative to gain information regarding the interrelationships amongst the two. As such, a simple integrative compend, known as grind away is seted to highlight the inherent strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and threats close the organisation and the applicable environmental factors facing the organisation in implementing PACS strategic business plan, as shown in Table 3.STRENGTHSThe development of an organisations particular set of resources, which leads to sustainable competitive advantage.Collective organisational learning that results in superior performance, especially in coordinating and integrating new activities and workflows.New strategy and initiatives fosters new views of the subroutine of radiology in the health care industry, thus adding value to the services rendered.WEAKNESSESThe resulting strategy whitethorn fall out of favour as a result of plans becoming too detailed and cumbersome to implement.Different divisions whitethorn be inflexible in the face of changing business conditions and new competition.Should this be unsuccessful, the managers and emp loyees who were responsible for the implementation of the chosen strategy may examine disempowered.OPPORTUNITIESBuilding new capabilities and inventive in the use of limited resources to close gap should there be misfit between available resources and the resources needed for the desired goal.The push to possess lead qualities along the new development pathway and change management.Room to exercise imagination and creativity throughout the development and implementation of new strategy.THREATSExternal events or environmental trends that supportnot be foreseen by observers could affect or even invalidate the viability of each strategic option that is considered.High cost of increase government regulations in radiology practices may deter the implementation.Table 3 Authors framework of SWOT analysis about the organisation and the relevant environmental factors in implementing PACS strategic business plan4.0 competitive AnalysisOnce the insight of an organisation and its environ ment is gained, it is aboriginal to undertake competitive analysis. These include a definition of the immediate radiology grocery store, a description of competitors and the status of their PACS implementations (Levine, 2006, p. 37).In creating the framework to help determine industry competition, arguably the most widely used nonplus will be Porters five forces model ( chassis 1).Figure 1 The five competitive forces that shape strategy (Porter, 2008)According to Porters five competitive forces model, the strategic position of the firm and its strategies are determined by competition with its traditional cover competitors and also greatly affected by new market entrants, computer backup products and services suppliers and customers (Laudon Laudon, 2009, p. 107).A market research conducted by Frost and Sullivan (2010) stated that the radiology markets in Southeast Asia have considerable potential, regardless of their maturity. In addition, the analyst further reiterated that wi th the decline in be and advancements in PACS applications, smaller hospitals have begun to implement PACS in radiology and also in versatile medical disciplines such as the cardiology and dentistry departments that produce medical images too thus enabling better image management.Therefore, the strategic plan should promissory note any PACS advertising done by local competitors in order to highlight any potential threat to market share, then perform the market share at risk if PACS is not implemented at this institution to estimate the amount of additional revenue that may be shifted to or from a competitor that has respectively superior or small radiology services. as yet Levine (2006, p. 39) stated that, a potent argument for PACS in the strategic plan will be to compare capacity and productiveness gains that can be expected to accrue from the implementation to the future increases in demand for radiological services due to the normal growth and increased market share.As suc h, applying Porters five forces competitive analysis in PACS strategy would generate a framework as shown in Table 4.Competitors governing body hospitalsTeaching hospitalsPrivate medical mallsPotential competitorsAll radiology businesses backup productsAdvances in hardware and softwareBreakthrough products in other acclivitous imaging technology with built-in information systemsNetworking just a few workstations together from radiology department to a particular departmentBuyers idiosyncratic hospitals or medical centresRegional health care networks and integrated delivery systemsGovernment programmesManaged care organisationsSuppliersInformation technology providers (HIS, RIS, PACS, Application redevelopment Providers)Manufacturers of imaging devices and suppliesTable 4 Authors framework using Porters five forces competitive analysis applied in PACS strategy5.0 Strategic ImplicationsThere are three basic strategic options available to organisations for gaining competitive advan tage, according to Porters generic wine warring Strategies model (Figure 2), namely, cost leadership, differentiation and focus, thus developing the edge, which brings revenue for the organisation and takes it away from ones competitor (Mind Tools, 2011).Figure 2 Porters Generic Competitive Strategies model (MBA Knowledge Base, 2011)With the implementation of PACS, this organisation aims to provide low-cost, thus achieving cost leadership by gaining market share, whilst maintaining profitability and pursue a differentiation-based strategy by offering unique product and services thus offering a greater value package to customers and competitors. In addition, it is imperative to use technology, where possible, to create or enhance customer value and satisfaction.As such, Porters value image model (Figure 3) can be generalised to the practice of radiology to come out the gravestone value drivers to build customer satisfaction through the implementation of PACS as a new strategy.Fi gure 3 Porters value drawstring generalised to the practice of radiology (Schomer et al., 2000)The model views a series of primary and support activities that add value to the organisations products or services (Laudon Laudon, 2009). In radiology practice, these include four support activities namely, the organisation infrastructure, human resources, technology development and procurement, which is straightforward, focusing on reducing cost in these areas for both customers and organisation.On the other hand, the five primary activities, namely, inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and service are quite specific and leveraging using technology, such as the PACS, can often significantly enhance each of these activities. Each natural process has an associated cost and therefore the residual margin (black area in Figure 9) will be retained as the shareholder earnings (Schomer et. al., 2000).6.0 PACS Strategic Plan RecommendationWhat is PACS and why choose thi s strategic plan in a radiology set-up? PACS include computers or networks with dedicated storage, retrieval, distribution and image management, which are stored in an independent digital imagery Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format (Amber Diagnostics, 2010). PACS can eliminate many of the time-consuming processes associated with film-based medication and enable the practice of filmless medicine (Figure 4).This adds value to the radiological services, which not unless provides services by generating diagnostic storeys, but also expedites the timely delivery of results (Levine 2006, p. 27). PACS completely reengineers radiology practices by enabling ubiquitous availability of images to be electronically viewed virtually anywhere and simultaneously, resulting in improved clinical care and productivity throughout the healthcare enterprise.Figure 4 Film-based medicine and filmless medicine (Furukawa et al., 2004).The current set-up of the radiology department encompasses of di gital multi-modalities such as, Computed Tomography (CT) Scan, magnetized Resonance Imaging (MRI), Digital Angiography and others execute approximately 180,000 200,000 examinations per year. As part of aiming towards creating a digital environment, besides procuring these digital modalities, the department has also established connectivity to a Radiology Information System (RIS) and Hospital Information System (HIS). The HIS feeds verified patient demographics to the RIS, which in turn is responsible for scheduling orders, capturing relevant clinical information and providing a platform for radiologists to prepare examination depicts.However, before long hard-copy medical images are the just image capture, display and storage medium. too radiology, view boxes are found in diverse locations such as wards and clinics in order to view the radiological images. There is ordinarily only one copy of film to be displayed at any one time, thus reducing the efficiency and effectivene ss of patient management.The image management in a conventional environment involves exceedingly complex, high manual(a) and work-intensive processes involving as many as eight (8) different types of personnel performing up to ten (10) different tasks and takes about 1 to 4 hours to generate results Figure 5(a). However in a fully electronic environment, this can be reduced to approximately eight (8) tasks, many accomplished by computers, allowing the snatch of people involved to be reduced to four (4) and results to be generated within 45 minutes to 1 hour Figure 5(b). As such, the implementation of PACS will foster stronger development of consolidated delivery networks at not only the departmental level but also at the organisational level.Figure 5 Workflow process from radiological examination request to final report in a (a) conventional environment and in an electronic (b) RIS and PACS environment distrib. = distributed, Dx = diagnosis, Phys. = Physician, Sched. = schedule (a dapted from Bryan, 2003)With the need for increased whole tone, clinical effectiveness and meeting the pressure of market competition in the digital world, PACS is seen as an opportunity to provide patients with clinical services that could never be provided in the analogue world. The scope and benefits of PACS tip over beyond the radiology department, whereby, it also greatly expands the exposure, expense and operational push hence the need to be comprehensive and include all key players in the decision making process, proviso and the development of new strategy is crucial (Chaney Cotter, 1998).Implementing and integrating PACS requires significant planning, workflow redesign, system configuration and training. However a common problem in implementing PACS will be recognising the blend of image generation technologies or modalities and identifying different types of interfaces (Chaney and Cotter, 1998). With regard to this, older equipment already installed in this radiology department may require specialised communications protocol conversion to talk to the new PACS equipment although the established communication standards can be supported by the newer equipment in the market today.As such, the PACS and way seller input is crucial to identify the required number of modalities to be joined and whether any licensing or implementation costs attached to each modality connection will be required. An enterprise-wide strategic planning methodology for PACS, which involves a broad cross section of the imaging and user community, proposed for this medical centre is outlined as in Figure 6.Figure 6 Development of an enterprise-wide PACS strategic plan (adapted from Chaney and Cotter, 1998)Once a structured PACS strategy planning process to establish a sound business case has been undertaken, the future(a) step will be developing a Request For marriage offer (RFP) and conducting the PACS marketer selection process. The PACS equipment needs and archive size requirements are subservient in preparing an effective RFP. The RFP will include detailed specifications for the locations and types of required equipment and a high-level project plan in order to shape the evocation accurately as shown in Figure 7.Figure 7 PACS life regular recurrence overview (adapted from Chaney and Cotter, 1998)In addition, it is also imperative for vendors to be able to specify all devices required during the vendor quotation phase of the project. Finally, establishing connections to the already lively RIS-HIS, computed radiography, digital radiography and results reporting may consume months prior to the roll-out of the system as shown in Gantt Chart (Appendix 1).7.0 Financial analysisThe financial analysis plays an integral part of the business case development and is crucial to the judging of the economic viability of the proposed PACS initiative. This would set the stage for the technical and performance specifications prior to the administration of a procurement exercise.Lim (2008) stated that the budgets for PACS acquisition project are usually identified as roof budget estimate, which encompasses the probable costs to secure and implement the technology and recurrent budget estimate that represents the projected future costs of managing and maintaining the system in a sustainable operational state. The capital and recurrent costs descriptive items are as shown in Table 5.Types of costsDescriptions of itemsCapital costsCapital purchase costs of PACS elicitation and commissioning costsAny costs associated with imaging equipment upgradesInfrastructure costs (e.g. data centre, network, computers for image distribution)Change managementRecurrent costs module and accommodationConsumablesOngoing trainingUpgrade costsTable 5 Capital and recurrent costs for PACS acquisition project (Lim, 2008)With regards to the PACS acquisition, Lim (2008) further stated that there are a few financial models to be considered when acquiring PACS, na melyThe traditional purchase, where purchase is outright and owned and managed by the institution, with vendor providing technical support under a service contract agreement, which is a common method in public sectorApplication Service Provider (ASP), where the facility purchases a service from the vendor with charges based on fee-per-service arrangementsLeasing models, which can have some financial incentives in private sector context.The proposed budgetary costs for PACS implementation recommended for this public sector medical centre is based on a traditional purchase acquisition model, which illustrates how a capital and recurrent budget may be established amounting to costs assumption of RM 3,487,000 presented in Appendix 1. However, calculating the purchase, upgrade and lead costs is only half of the budgeting task, the other side of the equation is the cost savings, efficiencies and service improvements that this technology can bring to an imaging facility.These savings incl ude film and stationery costs such as jackets, chemistry costs, film storage and handling including space and file room staff, processor purchase and running costs. Therefore it is important to undertake a cost-benefit analysis to see whether an someone option has financial or economic merit.A study conducted by Van Genip et al., (1994, cited in Becker and Arenson, 1994) stated that the overview of data from 15 cases collected with CAPACITY (Cost and Critical Analysis of PACS Indicating its Yield) cost-modelling software suggests that, when the cost of hardware components is allowed to fox 5% to 25% per year, some hospital-wide systems will become less expensive than film in the future with breakeven between 4-8 years, which is applicable for this scenario. As such, with the fast decreasing price of digital storage in the current market, it is deemed that PACS will provide cost and space advantage as compared to film archives. However, a downtime contingency plan, where costs for backup film printing using optical maser printers is also crucial to support successful implementation.Cost benefit analysis will provide useful information, but not all the answers. Therefore, one should also consider the intangible benefits such as the service efficiencies and quality improvement that PACS can generate, particularly with fast throughput of images hence these factors should be taken as part of any economic justification.8.0 ConclusionThe informed decision to select, implement and operate PACS begins with a sound, business oriented approach and judicious planning up front in implanting PACS as a strategy. As such building a documented business case and report is the first step to establish baseline expectation for system implementation throughout the enterprise as well as providing an accountability structure and project leadership as has been presented in this report.In this age of high information density and the necessity of its efficient and rapid dissemination through the integrated delivery of networks in healthcare, enterprises should see the decision to implement PACS as a necessary step in maintaining their market position. The greater value of a secure and fast repository of images provided by PACS, will improve the detection of disease through improved patient outcomes. These factors will have a huge impact on the way medicine is practice and the quality of care patients receive. As such it is important for the radiology department to adopt PACS considering the service efficiencies, cost savings and service quality improvements that it can generate thus creating a competitive advantage in the business of radiology.9.0 ReferencesAMBER DIAGNOSTICS. 2010. Radiology trouble System RIS / PACS. Amber Diagnostics WWW http//www.amberusa.com/ris/ris-index.asp (29 October 2010).Becker, S. H. and Arenson, R. L. 1994. cost and Benefits of Picture Archiving and Communication Systems. Journal of the American medical examination Informatics A ssociation. Online journal. 1(5). pp. 361-371. http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC116218/ (10 April 2011).Bryan, R. N. 2003. The Digital rEvolution The Millennial Change in Medical Imaging. Radiology. Online journal. http//radiology.rsna.org/content/229/2/299.full. (22 jar against 2011).Chan, S. 2002. The Importance of Strategy for the Evolving Field of Radiology. Radiology. Online journal. http//radiology.rsna.org/content/224/3/639.full. (25 March 2011).Chaney, D. M. and Cotter, N. K. 1998. Comprehensive business planning for PACS. Applied Radiology. Online journal. 27(12). (http//www.appliedradiology.com/uploadedfiles/Issues/1998/12/Articles/v0027i12/00801387/main.pdf (25 March 2011).Furukawa, H., Endo, M. Aramaki, T., Morimoto, N., Uematsu, T., Yukizawa, S. and Yuen, S. 2004. Picture Archiving and Communication System Introduced to a New Japanese Cancer sum total Hospital. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. Online journal. 34 (7). pp. 425-428. http//jjco.oxfordjourn als.org/content/34/7/425.full (20 March 2011).Frost and Sullivan. 2010. Overview of Total Southeast Asian RIS-PACS Market. WWW http//www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-toc.pag?ctxixpLink=FcmCtx1searchQuery=PACSrepid=P48C-01-00-00-00bdata=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5mcm9zdC5jb20vc3JjaC9jYXRhbG9nLXNlYXJjaC5kbz9xdWVyeVRleHQ9UEFDU0B%2BQFNlYXJjaCBSZXN1bHRzQH5AMTMwMjcxMzI1NjAxNA%3D%3DctxixpLabel=FcmCtx2 (23 April 2011).Jalaludin, M. A., Abdullah, B. J. J., Sarji, S.A. and Hoong, N. K. 2005. University of Malayas Vision for Research Imaging. In Abdullah, B. J. J., Sarji, S.A., Ranganathan, S. and Hoong, N. K. eds. A New Phase For Imaging, Kuala Lumpur University of Malaya Press. p. 56.Laudon, K. C. and Laudon, J. P. 2009. Essentials of Management Information Systems. 8th edn. New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc.LEVINE, A. L. (2006) PACS Strategic Plan and demand Assessment. In Smith, G. ed. Administrative Issues. In Dreyer, K. J., Hirschorn, D. S., Thrall, J. H. and Mehta, A. (eds.) PACS A Guide To The D igital Revolution. second edn. United States of America Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.MBA Knowledge Base. 2011. Porters Generic Competitive Strategies. WWW http//www.mbaknol.com/marketing-management/porters-generic-competitive-strategies/ (10 April 2011).MindTools. 2011. Porters Generic Strategies Choosing your Route to Competitive Advantage. WWW http//mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_82.htm (12 April 2011).Porter, M. 2008. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Reviews. Online journal. http//hbr.org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-that-shape-strategy/ar/1 (28 March 2011)Rostenberg, B. 2006. The Architecture of Medical Imaging Designing Healthcare Facilities for Advanced Radiological Diagnostic and cure Techniques, United States of America John Wiley Sons, Inc.Schomer, D. F., Schomer, B G. and Chang, P. F. 2001. 2000 Plenary Session Friday Imaging Symposium Value Innovation in the Radiology Practice. RadioGraphics. Online journal. http//radi ographics.rsna.org/content/21/4/1019.full (1April 2011).Sim, L. H. 2008. Budgeting for PACS. Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal. Online journal. http//www.biij.org/2008/4/e32/e32.pdf (12 April 2011)Appendix 1PACS Implementation Strategy Plan Gantt Chart (activities based on PACS life cycle overview presented in Figure 7)PhaseActivitiesMonthJun-11Jul-11Aug-11Sep-11Oct-11Nov-11Dec-11Jan-12Feb-12Mar-12Apr-12May-12Jun-121PACS comprehensive planning (business technical, functional)2PACS vendor selection signing of contract3PACS system implementation, training testing4PACS implementation system support and sweetener

A Review Of Lord Lamings Recomendations Social Work Essay

A Review Of captain Lamings Recomendations favorable Work EssayOn twenty-fifth February 2000 at 3.15pm, Victoria Climbie was decl ard dead. A post-mortem examination carried come to the fore by Dr. Nathaniel likey concluded she had died of hypothermia caused by malnourishment as a result of a damp environment and restricted movement. passkey Laming was approached by the Secretary of stir for Health and the Secretary of State for the Home Department to carry reveal three statutory inquiries quest Victorias death. The combination of these inquiries resulted in the Victoria Climbie Inquiry.In this refreshfulspaper, he found the communion in the midst of local anesthetic anesthetic Authorities, Police and Social Workers to be lacking. As a result, he do a serial publication of recommendations and the lay in which they would be implemented.By creating a hierarchy, (fig1), sever al unneuroticy dust or Committee had a specific function or utilization. Lord Laming determined that in the subject of a serious slip, an establish and exceed chain of command would train accountability and or support at the highest level. In this char human activityer, the buck would stop at the recommended ministerial Children and Families Board found with the Prime Ministers support.These main bodies and their subsidiaries would too be responsible for scrutinizing and implementing new enactment and reporting back in the order laid verboten. The main contract of these recommendations was preserveion rather than cure by localiseing electric razorren at risk at the soonest opportunity and ultimately ensuring their unafraidty. This would be done by-Simplifying the tangible Working Together and the National Assessment Frame blend in records into one document that could be readily netherstood across the board.Getting rid of bureaucracy so that it became easier to find who was responsible for what more(prenominal) easily.Improving the lines of communication and overlap of nurture.Re discipline of frontline staff.Clarifying the common law rules on confidentiality.Social C atomic figure of speech 18 RecommendationsFollowing his inquiry, Lord Laming recommended a eff restructure on how a vulnerable electric razors case would be handled from its initiation to its completion. He recognized in order to protect the barbarianren rectify fendards and clear guidelines would defend to be established for everyone followinged to follow.Some of his key suggestions call(a)ed for-Procedures on how to carry out an sign report He concluded where English was non the peasants starting line language, and vocalisation would be do available.Training Experienced staff with appropriate reading would be assigned to the baby birdren and their families.Recording of data Once a churl has been identify as existenceness vulnerable, all data regarding this child not limiting doctors reports moldiness be collated, recorded and sh atomic number 1 8d with the proper governing immediately.Accountability Directors, Managers and Team leaders must establish a body that records- Who do the regimen first awargon of the childs predicament, who is circumstancesing with the case, when the case was assigned, who referred the case to another agency or local ascendancy and the actions being taken throughout the duration of the case. It is the duty of the Manager to ensure that every sociable dresser is clear on what role they argon expected to swindle in any particular case, and they understood what was expected of them. It would also be made clear that their actions would come under supervision and reviewed compass pointically. This would ensure everyone concerned was on the same page.Referrals Each agency would fuddle to cooperate with some(prenominal)ly other when manduction their in body-buildation. If more than one agency was involved in a childs case, the initial agency should be responsible for informing the latter( prenominal) agency all the particulars of the case in writing.Legal Advice In the event where emergency measures had to be taken, Lord Laming recommended that legal advice had to be taken inside a 24 hour period. This would ensue that all aspects of the law were being complied with.Health RecommendationsBetween the wellness, police and sociable serve, it emerged that in that location were many mazed opportunities which had they been effted, could wipe out saved Victorias heart. As a result, Lord Laming suggested a complete revamp in the way cases were recorded from the ground up. Most notably, he recommended that-Where a case of child make fun is suspected, a nursing vexation plan must be drawn up incorporating a full phase of the moon doctors report.Once a child has been determine as vulnerable, the examining doctor must decide whether to interrogate the child directly without the consent of his uncomplicated pityrs or get the childs history from his primary tutelagers . The doctor must consequently credit line d profess his actions and or decisions taken in writing.ConclusionThe Philosopher George Santayana (1905) once express those who laughingstocknot learn from history are doomed to repeat it. This unfortunately, appeared to be the case when Lord Laming was once again commissioned to write another report following the death of Baby Peter2. In this report he was asked to identify the prohibitions that counteracted the safetying of children following his first inquiry.What has become increasingly clear is that condescension the initial inquiry, it appears no real lessons receive been learnt. On June 7th 2010, telephone circuit 43screened an undercover documentary on the life of a typic social actor. Among the concerns that old and newly qualified social workers expressed a lack of communication between authorities and the bureaucracy that ensued stood out. Although one could designate the sample used in that particular documentary c ould not possibly reflect the UK as a whole it is still a worrying and real concern that wishs to be nationally addressed to safeguard these vulnerable children.TAQ 2 (ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 2.2)WHAT DOES A CHILDRENS TRUST DO? DESCRIBE THEIR internal FEATURES AND PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS.The Childrens Plan was set up by the Government to ensure every child regardless of age, hinge upon, religion, economic background could lead a safe, happy and healthy life. This is in whirl would make it possible for these children to turn into salubrious adjusted adults, capable of making positive contributions in their communities. In order to make this plan work, The Childrens Trust, made up of local partnerships, was presumption the responsibility to see out this vision and make it a reality.The role of the Childrens TrustOne of their primary roles is to engender in concert local organisations that deal with the service of children, teenaged adults and families in concert to continually im prove services rendered or deal with problems affecting these groups of people. Together with primary care trusts, police authorities, juvenility offending teams, health authorities, checks, local probation boards and youth offending teams the Childrens Trust bring these organisations together and contain them to join The Trust bound by a legal duty of care.Essential FeaturesThe Childrens Trust-Identifies children at risk with an consume to prevent any harm by intervening at the earliest stage possible.Try to reduce child povertyActively carry with their tooshie groups by listening to their views on what affects them in their mean solar solar day to day lives in order to raise services that would make a real difference to these children.Ensure proper plans are laid out to extend effective services to their target groups. This acknowledges total accountability in services provided and public spending.Making sure every child has a substantially rounded education which go away enable stand them to be on a more or less on equal foundation with wealthy children when they eventually join the job market.Tries to break the barriers that prevent children from sharing and using instruction. The Childrens Trust also ensures that proper communication and sharing of study exists between all local Authorities dealing with children. bustnership AgreementsThe following organisations work near together with the Childrens Trust to achieve the welfare of children, young adults and families. It should be noted they rush a legal duty of care when providing their respective services and as a whole, as members of the Childrens Trust, work together for the overall well being of their target groups.Primary pity Trusts ( percent) PCT together with local anaesthetic Authorities and other agencies that provide health and social care locally, ensure the needs of the community are met as a whole.Local Safeguarding Childrens Trusts In order to win the safety and well being of children, young adults and families, they work together with local authorities that deal with villainy and disorder, Youth Offending Teams and schools to reduce crime and risk the rate of reoffending. They con consequences at an early age in order to prevent, as often as possible, antisocial behaviour.Education Schools, families and local authorities work together to achieve high educational standards and promote spear carriercurricular activities to unlock talents in children. By working together, they try to ensure a child will enter into adulthood as a well adjusted and deep member of society.Local Area Agreement (LAA). The Childrens Trust works closely with the public, private and uncoerced sectors to ensure their overall vision is met.TAQ3 (ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3.1, 3.2) bound THE TERM CHILDREN IN NEED IN A SOCIAL act as CONTEXTLIST THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT AND put A BRIEF DESCRIPTIONAny child who needs extra care or attention from local a uthorities because- they sacknot achieve a reasonable standard of health, are significantly impaired, are disabled and are at risk from the people who surround or care for them are classified as Children in Need.The Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004 require that Local Authorities who provide services for children and young people (under 18 age old) toIdentify those who are unable to reasonably attain or affirm health and or development without the provision of services by local authoritiesProvide health services to those who are like to remain firm further or future complication without the provision of services by the local authoritiesProvide services for disable children (Children Act 1989, division 17).Different Types of Child Abuse and NeglectChild curse can manifest itself in many forms. Some forms of abomination are easier to spot than others and anybody working with children must be trained to spot and intervene at the earliest opportunity. Commons examples o f child abuse include- corporal abuse This where a child is bodilyly harmed by those in charge of his primary care ( elicits or guardians) or anybody who comes into contact with the child. This includes things like beating a child, pushing him/her into objects that can cause physical harm or narrowing their movements so they cannot seek safety. Any deliberate action that leaves bruises, internal injuries, breaks, cuts and or scars is considered physical abuse.Sexual Abuse Any form of sexual legal action for example incest, rape, paedophilia with a child is considered sexual abuse.Mental abuse This covers a broad spectrum. Some of the major causes of mental abuse include-Environment Children who have alcoholic, violent and or drug addicted parents/guardians or are exposed to ofttimes(prenominal) people in their communities, may take in mentally as a result. The childrens future poor choices could be in part, as a result of the environment then grew up in. invalidating Famili es Families who fail to support the children, by either encouraging them to do well or teaching them good values constantly degrading or putting down their children ignoring their children needs and wants are in fact mentally abusing these childrenTAQ4 (ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3.3)OUTLINE THE STEPS INVOLVED IN THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT. revel NOTE IF YOU cede BEEN FOLLOWING ALL LINKS YOU WILL HAVE INFORMATION ON THISWhen a child in need has been identified or referred to the Local Authority, an initial assessment to determine what that need is, what assortment of services will be required to sponsor the child and nigh importantly if the child is safe in his or her current built in bed is carried out. The steps involved in carrying out such an assessment are-The initial assessment should be completed with a maximum period of 7 working days from the date of the first referral.The needs of the child in need should be identifiedThe safety, health and well being of the child should be s afeguarded from harm.Information from the childs primary carers (parents or guardians), the extended family, all Local Authorities who had contact with the child (in relation to the case notwithstanding remote), and any records held about the child ( twain current and old) should be collated and recorded to form part of the initial assessment.Using the Children Act 1989 section 17 as a guideline-define if the child is in needIf there is sufficient or supporting evidence or likelihood the child is suffering or will suffer.The focus of the initial assessment should but focus on the welfare of the child, therefore, any analysis and recommendations should be made clear with no room for ambiguity.TAQ5 (ASSESSMENT CRETRIA 2.2)FIND OUT WHAT THE NORFOLK PROTOCOL GUIDELNES be AND DESCRIBE IN YOUR OWN WORDS USING PARAGRAPHS AT to the lowest degree 10 ACTIVITIES ACCORDING TO THE PROTOCOLThe Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCBs) exist to protect and promote the welfare of children and young adults. The LSCBs re come forwardd the Area Child Protection Committees which were concerned with child protection as opposed to safeguarding a child. The Protocol therefore provide guidelines which Local Authorities and families can work together to provide better support for children and young adults. Some of the activities undertaken in accordance with the Norfolk Protocol are-Help or support for disabled parents to look aft(prenominal) their children in all aspects of the childs life Parents who suffer from physical or learning disabilities require different forms of sustain when looking after their children. They may not be physically able to feed, dress or a carry their child and need to be supported in this. A learning disability may also affect a parents inability to assess mighty the needs of a child on a day to day basis. Local Authorities in accordance to the Protocol make an initial assessment of the household and help accordingly.Safeguarding children from e mphasis and neglect Children who come from backgrounds where violence exists, are at risk of becoming victims of their circumstances or exploitation up and becoming violent themselves. In order to safeguard against this, the LSCB identify such risks and take steps to remove the child from such environments and pull them in a safe and stable amaze.Safeguard the children and young adults when vexing services or activities in the community Any cultural or amateurish activities steered at children should make sure the children benefit from these activities in a safe manner. The custodians in charge of the activities should have an Enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) check. They should also be properly trained to make sure the children carry out their activities as safely as possible.Safeguard the children and young adults from discrimination or attacks from people because of their race, religion or physical ability This means wherever a child is being targeted because of thei r individuality or has a physical or learning disability, the LSCB should step in and either educate and or prosecute individuals or groups causing harm to the children.Safeguard children from sexual predators Those who have been identified and prosecuted as sex offenders should go on the Sex Offenders understand and banned from having working with children. The LSCB work closely together with other Local Authorities and help identify children at risk in such situations and remove them from harm or potential harm.Missing Children The LSCB recognize children go missing from their home or rear placement for a anatomy of reasons. By sensitively approaching this issue, the LSCB work together with families, to find out the circumstances relating to the childs disappearance and if found, what can be done to prevent such an occurrence. Once a child goes missing, relevant authorities pool together to make sure the child comes home safely. They may try to wee-wee out to the child using t he media or putting up posters with information on how the child can contact the authorities safely.Shared information This is perhaps the greatest tool at the LSCBs disposal in their work to safeguard children. There are many Local Authorities and voluntary organisations who deal with the well being of children and a lot of information is of necessity located in different locations. By setting up an electronic database, different organisations are able to not only if have rag to this information, but also are able to update and add brisk details pertaining to the child in need. Anybody who has access, or adds to such information, should be held accountable in accordance to the procedures of their respective organisations.Safeguarding the children from bullying By adopting a cipher tolerance policy against bullying (in schools or the community), the LSCB also educates children and adults alike, how to recognize and prevent bullying.A legal duty of care to children and young adul ts who have been granted custodial sentences, are placed in children homes, or in training centres. They must make sure these children are safeguarded while they in such institutions, from themselves or indeed others. They must identify signs of suicide, self harming, mental health problems, continued drug use etc, and prevent, teach or curb such behaviour while the children or young adults are in their care. unlicenced Encampments In a bid to tackle the growing problem of prohibited camping by Travellers, the Norfolk Protocol for Unauthorised Encampments was espouse in January 2003. The aim of this liaison was to form a workable plan that was pleasing to both Travellers and the communities they occupy. By cooperating with the Local Authorities, the Travellers would not only have a gathering to air their grievances, but also could raise their public profile.TAQ6 (ASSESSMENT CRETRIA 4.1, 4.2)DEFINE WHAT IS MEANT BY ADOPTION AND FOSTERINGIDENTIFY AND EVALUATE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROVISION easy FOR LOOKED AFTER CHILDREN.Adoption is a process where a child is provided for with a new family and whom for a variety of reasons, cannot be raised by their own biological parents. There is a legal process that needs to be followed where the new parents have to take all parental responsibility to the adopted child as they would their own biological child if they have any. rearing on the hand usually refers to a temporary arrangement made to accommodate a child who is waiting to be adopted. The primary health superior (in this case it could be a foster parent or a foster home) assumes responsibility for the child together with a local authority and where applicable, the childs biological parents.Identify and Evaluate Different Type of Provisions gettable for Looked After ChildrenEducational Provisions Children in need who are experiencing hardships in their education in addition to any existing intemperateies have to be especially cared for. In order to properl y assess the childs individual needs, Local Authorities in partnerships with others, have to carry out assessments to determine what is outgo for the child. The growing needs of the child are also taken into account. This is obligatory because as the child gets older, the authorities concerned will need to have their initial assessments reviewed to reflect the current status of the child. By correctly assessing and graze into a childs educational needs, it is likely the child will not stand out in mainstream society or be a target for negative actions.Fostering Provisions The Children Act 1989 sec 22G requires Local authorities to make sure that those entrusted with caring for children meet the standards set and have passed all the checks required. This is important as it minimizes risks as much as possible with a view to ultimately ensuring the childs safety in care.Contact Provisions Children who are placed in temporary care may have access to their biological parents dependin g on the nature of their placement. In order to safeguard the interest of these vulnerable children, parents roughtimes have to agree to supervised visits. As much as this may be seen as an intrusion by the biological families, it is necessary to have a social worker for example to be visibly present to prevent further harm to the child, or help build relations between child and his/her family. Changes in the law have also being reviewed to further facilitate this process. In April 1st 2010, the new Government passed a law saying that the participants incomes would not be a factor to contact activityTAQ 7 (ASSESSEMENT CREITERION 4.3)USING VALID AND safe SOURCES INVESTIGATE AND DISCSS THE ISSUES SUROUNDING HARD TO PLACE CHILDREN AND SUGGEST A POSSIBLE INERGRATED help PROVISION CARE PLAN.A child is considered hard to place when it becomes difficult for him/her to be permanently adopted by a family. The reasons vary from child to child but the most common reasons are-Physical (prosp ective parents find the child is too old)Mental ProblemsEmotional or social problemsPhysical disabilitiesMore often than not, prospective adoptive parents already have this encounter of a perfect little child and may not be ready to accept a child who has some difficulties. This is usually the hardest barrier when placing children. If a child is lucky enough to be adopted, but displays some thought-provoking behaviour during the trial period, the adoptive parents have the right to tabulator the child if they feel they cannot cope. This sadly creates more problems to the child or may have already started life feeling rejected. The term hard to place is not only restricted to children in foster care. The same can be applied to children who cannot find it hard to stay in school because of the type of behaviour they display.In order to increase the odds of have these children boffoly placed in a family or an educational facility, a good care plan is essential to make this happen. Wh ere possible, a successful care plan needs to have the input of the parents, extended family or previous schools. Monck (Monck and others 2003 p42) explores this further when he defined a plan of what to do in the interim, where there was an expectation the child would be returned to his birth parents or permanent guardians after a complete investigation. He defined coinciding planning as the capacity of the birth parents or wider birth family to parent the child is investigated. At the same time the child is placed with foster carers who, if the birth family cannot parent, become the adopters. In his definition, when a child could not be returned to his natural parents, he made a provision on what would finally happen to that child.The following components constitute a good care plan. special All care plans for hard to place children, need to be as individual as the child itself. The problems surrounding the child may have a generalised description, but the effects to the child its elf have to be tailored to fit the child. Child A could be said to be angry and displays this anger by hitting other children. The same could be said of any child because children tend to lash out as they are yet to learn tools of how to deal with their emotions. The care plan would then have to delve into the root cause of the childs anger in front making provision or recommendation on how to best help the child. mensural It is counterproductive to have the child receive the same type of help when no noticeable improvement can be recorded. Instead, if after an acceptable period of time the child continues to exhibit the same type of challenging behaviour, a new therapy or establishment should be tried. In order to avoid duplication of treatments, Local Authorities have to communicate and work together in a bid to help the child.Relevant The care plan should fit the child needs as he or she is now. This means if an assessment was carried when the child was 4 years old, another has to be carried as he/she continues to get older. Factors such as puberty need to be taken into account as they could increase or enlarge the behavioural problems exhibited by the child.Focused The care plan would have to have direction. Needless time wasting therapies, assessments or treatments can be avoided solely by having a focussed care plan. This is where the real decisions are made concerning the child in question even though these decisions have to be revised periodically. The same could be said when there are no more resources available at that present time to cater to the child. The only thing that can be done in such cases is to happen the child safe, healthy and as happy as possible.TAQ8 (ASSESSEMENT CRETERION 1.1)USING THE TIMELINE AS A BASIS FOR YOUR WORK, DEVELOP IT FURTHER TO FULL OUTLINE THE knowledge OF MEASURES WITHIN THE UK TO ENSURE THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN.2006The Children and Adoption Act 2006 made feed for people who worked or had contact with children m ainly in a professional capacity or for families who posed a risk to children. The aim of this act was to minimize potential risks to children.2007The UK Borders Act 2007 (code of practice on children) defines how children should be inured when making sure they comply with the UK immigration laws. It states for example, any child under 16 years old should have an adult present before fingerprints can be taken.2008The Children and Young Persons Act 2008 Chapter 23 defines the way in which social work services are delivered to children and young person. dispel 1 Sections 1-10 detail what is expected from any organisation/Local Authority delivering these types of services.Part 2 deals with the Functions in Relation to Children and Young Persons. This includes dealing with issues to do with the childrens well-being, accommodation, free-living reviewing officers, visitation, education and training, finance, care breaks, enforcement of care standards, emergency protection orders and inf ormation and research.Part 3 of this act defines what is required for adopting and fostering services.Part 4 elaborates more on the Orders under Part 2 of the 1989 Act. This simply details what criteria each organisation or Local Authority should meet before and after a child is placed in care.Part 5 deals with the baby and supplementary amendments to the 1989 Act.2009The Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 (c 22) provides a framework for which 16-18 year olds could bound for an apprenticeship. Its aim is to ensure that children in schools receive full information about apprenticeships and vocational training opportunities.2010The Children, Schools and Families Act 2010 (c 26) deals with the provision that should made for children with special educational needs. Part 1 of this act details how educational facilities have to be inspected to meet the Governments criteria for this group of children.TAQ 9 THE ROLE OF THE SOCIAL WORKER AND OF THE COURTS IN IMPLEMENTI NG THE PROVISIONS OF RELEVANT RECENT LEGISLATION IS VITAL IF CHILDREN ARE TO BE ADEQUATELY PROTECTED WITHIN THE UK. DISCUSSThe role of the social worker has never been more challenging at an age where horrific cases of child abuse have become commonplace. These stories no longer make headlines in the media and more worryingly, are the cases that do not make the front pages which are equally as ghastly. The social worker is also faced with a lot of opposition in the work place from uncooperative parents/guardians who openly scorn them and think they want to destroy their family unit or signalise them how to run their lives. The courts on the other hand are overwhelmed with the sheer number of child abuse cases they have to deal with. By the end of 2009 alone, 51,488 sex offences against children were recorded by the Home Office. Both the social workers and the court dodge are often under immense compact to resolve these cases readily because time is usually of the essence to ensu re the safety of the child. In addition, a host of red tape and bureaucracy cause the wheels of justice to run slowly, which often result in many delays which could put the child in further danger. One of the most important measures that has been put in place largely because of the case of Victoria Climbe, was a clear line of communication and accountability for all the authorities/agencies who deal with children in need. Lord Lemming all the way identified that a lack of communication and ultimately accountability between different agencies could have contributed to the death of Victoria Climbe, once she was initially identified as a child in need. However, lessons were not learnt as in the case of Baby Peter which resulted in further recommendations by Lord Laming. This was what resulted in the Children Act 2004. It is worth noting that the Children Act 1989 is still upheld and the 2004 Act does not supplant it. The social workers on the other hand were under pressure and overwhe lmed by the number of caseloads they had to mine through and some of these workers felt their perspectives had changed from safeguarding children to impact targets.In order to fully appreciate and understand the roles both the social worker and the courts play in implementing the provisions of legislation for the childs protection, it is important to first define who is considered a child in need. Councils in the UK have several indicators which they use to identify and prioritize help for a child in need (CIN). These are based on several factors surrounding the childs life such as disability, domestic violence, alcohol and drug abuse, homelessness, sex abuse to mention a few. Regardless of how each council operates, they are all governed by the Childrens Act of 1989 and 2004. Using these Acts as a template, a child in need can be loosely defined as anybody under the age of 18 years, who requires some form of intervention, to safeguard them from external factors that prevent them f rom enjoying a healthy and well-adjusted life. As a result, the Government in conjunction with Ofsted, Her Majestys Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate, Her Majestys Inspectorate of Probation, Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons, Her Majestys Inspectorate of Court Administration, Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary and the Care Quality Commission form a Safeguarding Review to update their policies on safeguarding children which occurs every three years. These reviews aim to streamline how local authorities identify and deal with children in n

The legal capacity

The discriminative expertnessCAPACITY TO CONTRACTLegal message is delimit as the force out provided guttlestairs integrity to a natural individual or juridical psyche to enroll into back squinchs, and to sue and be sued in its suffer name.In order to be re nett by a di windlessness, a soulfulness must hit the legal skill to form a campaign in the first place. This legal cogency is called energy to crusade. Both parties in a commence must turn in the necessary rational readiness to to a lower placestand what they ar doing. Under parking area pr exploitice of law both 1 has the right to precede into a arrive, except for electric shavers, people with rational disability and also people who are under the yield of drugs or alcohol. For a soul to keep off a drive on the plant of their idiocy, they must also show that they wishinged capacity to read into a bowdlerise and that the around new(prenominal) fellowship knew or ought to break k nown their incapacity.A person who is unable, due to age or kind impairment, to understand what she is doing when she signs a shrink whitethorn lack capacity to squeeze. For display case, a person under legal guardianship due to a mental defect completely lacks the capacity to contract. Any contract signed by that person is deflower. In other(a) situations, a person may non completely lack the capacity to contract. The contract would then be rescindable at the option of the companionship claiming incapacity, if he or she is able to prove the incapacity.INFANCYThe term infant differ from the term tike. In roughly moorings, legal contracts are voidable if one of the contracting companionship is a minor. The law affirms that an infant is non frame by the contracts he or she enters into except for the procure of necessaries and for expedient contracts of service, that is they would have to pay for the necessary goods and services that they consume. However, it is stat ed in the British Columbia Infants Act (RSBC 1996 c.223) that all contracts fuel non be implemented against an infant, regardless of whether it includes necessities and skilful contracts of service. If there is a contract between an adult and an infant, adults are bound but infants can break away from the contract at their option, which mean that the contract is voidable. The infants may endorse a contract once they have r for each oneed a maturity age. In the case of executed contract, the infant can non avoid debt if they have obtained proceedss under the contract, except if what they obtained has no value. Any one of the party can apply to the apostrophize upon the termination of contract.MINORSA minor generally cannot form an enforceable contract. A contract entered into by a minor may be canceled by the minor or by his or her guardian. subsequently reaching the age of majority (18 in most states), a person still has a reasonable consequence of while to cancel a contrac t entered into as a minor. If, however, he or she does not cancel the contract within a reasonable period of date, the contract leave alone be considered ratified, making it binding and enforceable. If you intend to enter into a contract with a person who is under the age of 18 years it is essential that you give that person the opportunity to consult with a worthy adult ab tabu their rights and responsibilities before concluding the deal. This go out dissemble it less likely for a dispute to arise about their capacity.A boylike person is generally bound to a contract for necessaries which includes food, medicine and clothing. Contracts for necessaries can also include contracts for education or employment. However, some other contracts will not be binding on a young person, including contracts for goods or services which are not necessaries and credit contracts. Based on the case study, John has the age capacity to enter into a contract as he is an adult. He was walking alon e around SOGO Shopping multiform to do some window shopping. His age has got to be to a higher place 18 years old. This is because he is working, and this is illustrated in the sentence as I was rattling busy with my work, I only managed to go to the shop a week later. subject area good object lesson Nash v. Inman 1908 2 KB 1The defendant, a minor, purchased a number of waistcoats from the plaintiff. The issue was whether they were necessaries. The court held that the waistcoats were not necessaries as the minor had an fitting give at the time of sale. It was held that two conditions had to be met before goods or services would be regarded as necessaries. First, the goods or services had to be suitable to the condition in life of the minor (e.g. a minor addicted to quick a life of luxury will have a different condition in life from a minor spirit in impoverished circumstances). Whether this was the case would depend on the type of life-style the minor in question was ac customed to leading. Second, the goods or services had to be suitable to the minors actual requirements at the time of supply. If the minor had an tolerable supply of the relevant goods from another source, this requirement would not be satisfied. cordial DISABILITYIn 1954 the High judicatory dealt with the issue of a persons wiseness of judging when involved in contractual dealings. The court held that it requires, in tattle to each particular offspring or piece of business transacted, that each party shall have such soundness of mind as to be capable of consciousness the general nature of what he is doing by his alliance (Gibbons v. Wright (1954) 91 CLR 423).It follows that if a person is so drunk, mentally ill or senile that they have no idea that they are involving themselves in a contract, they will lack the necessary contractual capacity. If however, their mind is affected by their problem, but they are nevertheless aware that they are involving themselves in a contrac t, the capacity to contract will probably exist unless the other party deliberately takes advantage of their weakness. (This is linked to the way in which the common law and equity deal with hideous conduct where a person takes advantage of a person with a disability). Contracts with intellectually afflicted persons is void. Similarly, contracts with involuntary mental patients is void. Some types of mental disability may be sufficient to reserve a person to repudiate a contract in authoritative circumstances. Generally, the law is concerned with the lack of capacity arising from mental disability. For suit, people who have schizophrenia may have delusions, but if they can manage their own daily and business affairs and look aft(prenominal) their personal finances, they may have the capacity to enter into contracts. The mentally disabled persons that the law protects are those who are unable to manage their own affairs or are unable to appreciate the nature and consequences of their actions. Provincial legislation provides that a person can be tell to be unable to manage his or her affairs. If there has been such a judicial finding, contracts made after the judicial finding are void on the grounds that there is a lack of capacity to consent to the provisions of a contract. Contracts made forward to the finding may be voidable. However, if a person lacks capacity because he or she is unable to handle his or her affairs, but there has been no judicial finding, the contracts made are voidable at the option of the person who is mentally disabled. If the contracts are not repudiated, they are presumed to be enforceable. chemise pillowcase York Glass Co. Ltd v. Jubb 1925 All ER Rep 285Jubb contracted to purchase the plaintiffs attach to business. On the date ofcontracting, he was technically wacky and shortly thereafter was placed in a lunatic asylum.The receiver of his estate, who was appointed under a lunacy statute, repudiated thecontract. The plaintif f company sued for damages, alleging the repudiation was wrongful. The court held that a contract entered by someone of unsound mind is validunless the impaired person can show that the other party was aware, at the time ofcontracting, that the impaired person was so insane that he was unable(predicate) ofunderstanding what he was doing. In this case, there was no evidence to show that theplaintiff company knew or suspected that Jubb had been insane at the point of contracting.The contract was valid and Jubbs estate had to pay damages for not performing the contract. on a lower floor THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS OR ALCOHOLIf a person signs a contract while drunk or under the influence of drugs, can that contract be enforced? Courts are usually not very gentle to people who claim they were pick up when they signed a contract. Generally a court will only allow the contract to be avoided if the other party to the contract knew about the insobriety and took advantage of the shake person, or if the person was somehow involuntarily shake up (e.g. someone spiked the punch). The law will intervene in some circumstances where someone who is intoxicated enters into an harmony. Intoxication alone is not sufficient, but it can be a defensive measure to enforcement by the sober up party, and the intoxicated party may void the contract on the radix of his or her own intoxication in the following circumstances, that is firstly, the intoxicated party, because of the intoxication, did not know what he or she was doing. Secondly, the sober party was aware of the intoxicated state of the other party. Thirdly, upon becoming sober, the intoxicated party moved promptly to repudiate the contract. The basis for this approach is not that one party is drunk but that the other party major power defraud the drunkard. Thus, even where the sober party is not aware of the intoxicated state of the other party, if there is evidence of intoxication so that it may be presumed, the unfairne ss or one-sidedness of a contract might emergence in its creation voided. This view moves the law toward a dapple that an unconscionable agreement permits the court to presume that the sober party had knowledge of the intoxication of the other party once there is evidence of intoxication.Based on the case study, when John mickleed for the 6 seater dining set, he was not under the influence of alcohol or drugs. He was well aware of the bargain and he realised that he has entered into an agreement with favourable Furniture Sdn Bhd.Case example Matthews v. Baxter (1873) LR 8 Exch 132Baxter, while drunk, agreed at an auction to purchase a property. Once sobriety returned he decided that he wished to stand the contract that had been made by him while drunk. Sometime later he had a change of mind and he sought to rescind the contract, list that he lacked capacity to enter the contract by reason of intoxication. The court held that because Baxter had confirmed the contract it was no longer open to him to avoid the contract on the grounds of intoxication. This was despite the fact that he had made out the necessary element of this defence.BANKRUPTCYBankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or brass instrument to pay its creditors. These individuals would not be able to pay their debts and lose their perspective as creditworthy. Most states differ on the means whereby their outstanding liabilities can be treated as discharged and on the precise extent of the limits that are placed on their capacities during this time. However, they are returned to full capacity after discharge. In the United States, some states have spendthrift laws where an irresponsible spend-all is claimed to lack the capacity to enter into contracts. Based on the case study, Comfortable Furniture Sdn Bhd has the business capacity to operate its business. This is because the company is not go about bankruptcy. Therefore, the company has the capac ity to enter into a contract or agreement with John.SIGNIFICANCE WHY CONTRACTING PARTIES REQUIRE LEGAL CAPACITY TO give in INTO LEGALLY BINDING CONTRACTNot everyone is legally entitled to enter into contracts. Some persons, by their status, are presumed not to have the ability to enter into contracts or have limited rights to contract. Prevention of fraud provides for formality requirements and the shield of persons who lack full capacity to enter into contracts. If there is no capacity, the incapacity party would become vulnerable and weak. If one party lacks the intellectual capacity to protect himself or herself, then the other party may act dishonestly during the bargaining process or takes advantage of a position of trust, or if the other party has expert knowledge of the subject matter of the contract that the weaker party cannot have and takes unfair advantage of that knowledge. Besides that, without capacity, the contract would be void. A contract is void when it involves minors. This type of contract will have no effect as it is not recognised by the court and parliament. Therefore, if there is no capacity, the contract would not be enforceable. The social function here is to protect the weaker party from the stronger and more able party. This class of persons who lack or have limited capacity to contract include minor and persons under mental disability. The general rule is that minors may not enter into contracts. The reason for this rule is that minors are presumed to be naive, inexperienced, and good taken advantage of. So, some protection is required to avoid them from being cheated. The law also interferes in circumstances where someone who is intoxicated enters into an agreement. The basis for this approach is not that one party is drunk but that the other party might defraud the drunkard. The contract may not be legal if there is no capacity. If there is no capacity, people with mental disability, minors, and also those who are under the i nfluence of alcohol or drugs would be allowed to enter into contracts. The people who have mental disability and under the influence of drugs or alcohol do not have the mental capacity to enter into contracts. They are unable to think well and they are not able to make a wise decision. So, if there is no capacity, the contract will lose its validity.Case example Mercantile Union procure Corporation v Ball (1937)An infant haulage contractor who took a lorry on hire-purchase was held not liable for arrears of installments.Case example Cowern v Nield (1912)It was held that a minor who was a hay and straw merchant was not liable to repay the footing of the goods which he failed to deliver.Case example Doyle v White City Stadium (1935)An infant boxer was held bound by a clause in his contract which provided for forfeiture of his measure money (as happened) he was disqualified. The contract as a whole was correspondent to apprenticeship.Case example Valentini v Canali (1889)A minor le ased a house and agreed to buy some furniture, paying part of the price. After several months the minor left, and avoided the contract as he was entitled to do. He could not chance the compensations which he made for the furniture, however, because he had received some benefit from the contract.Case example Leslie Ltd v SheillA minor who lie about his age to obtain a loan could only be forced to return the specie he borrowed.Sheill failed to repay two cash loans he had obtained by falsely claiming to be an adult. The contract was not enforceable (not for necessaries) so the lender asked for restitution of the money on other grounds, including that Sheill had commit the tort of deceit (fraudulent misrepresentation). The English Court of the Kings Bench held that Sheill could not be sued for deceit because that would make a minor indirectly liable for an unenforceable contract. The court could only order restitution if the lender could prove Sheill still possessed the actual notes and coins he had borrowed.Case example Roberts v colourise (1919)Roberts agreed to take Gray, a minor, on a billiard whirl to instruct him in the profession of billiard player. Gray repudiated the contract. The court held that Roberts could recover damages despite the fact that the contract was executory.Case example Scarborough v SturzakerA bicycle was a necessary because the minor had only one and used it to travel to work. Sturzaker, a minor, cycled 19 kilometres to work each day. He traded in his old bicycle to Scarborough and made a part payment on a new one. Sturzaker repudiated the contract and refused topay the outstanding amount. The Tasmanian Court held that the bike was a necessary. Therefore, the contract was enforceable and Sturzaker had to pay the money owing.Case example hart v OConnorThe Privy Council said in Hart v. OConnor(1985) that an insane person who appears sane can rely on the self-sufficing and separate ground of unconscionability which relieves abnorma l mental weaknesses even short of incapacity. insupportable influence may also apply.Case example Peters v Fleming (1840)Held an dear(predicate) gold watch chain was a necessary for a rich young man. top of law being that it depends on the status of the minor as to whether a luxurious item is deemed a necessary.Case example Chaplin v Leslie Frewin (1966)Contract was made to write the autobiography of Charlie Chaplin held as binding as it allowed a minor to start to earn a living as an author.However if on the whole a contract is unreasonable, oppressive and not beneficial then it will not be binding.Case example De Francesco v Barnum (1890)A girl of fourteen was apprenticed to D for septenary years in order to learn to dance. D was not induce to maintain her, nor did he have to pay her unless he found engagements for her. up to now when engagements were found, the rate of pay was very low. She could not obtain engagements for herself, nor was she allowed to marry, during the s even years. It was held that the contract was not binding upon the girl, as it was unreasonable, oppressive and not beneficial to her. Point of law is as above.Case example Gore v Gibson locomote the view that a contract for necessaries supplied to a drunk could not be maintained if upon sobriety the contract was repudiated.Case example Hawkins v trick outThe action for breach of contract was brought by the vendor of land which was knocked down to the defendant at an action. The defendant purchaser pleaded in defence of his beverage but did not allege that the vendor or auctioneer knew of this condition. pollock C.B., in directing the jury said the plaintiff was entitled to the verdict unless the defendant was in the state he describes himself to have been, that is wholly incapable of any reflective or deliberate act, so that, in fact, he was utterly unconscious of the nature of the acts he did, for example, having signed the contract and give his money.Case example McLaughlin v Daily Telegraph LtdHolds that a power of lawyer executed by a person while insane is void even in respect of actions that take place when the grantor has regain his sanity the actions that take place under the guise of the power of attorney are of no effect. Likewise, it is of no consequence that third parties act on the foot of the deed. If, however, the power of attorney enables the lunatic and his dependants to benefit from obtaining a supply of necessaries, an account may be ordered in relation to that even though the power of attorney itself is void. For the deed to be void, however, it must be shown that the signature is a mere mechanical act and the mind of the signor must not accompany the act.Case example cf. Imperial Loan Co. v. Stone 1892the rule had in modern measure been relaxed, and unsoundness of mind would now be a good defence to an action upon a contract, if it could be shown that the defendant was not of the capacity to contract and the plaintiff knew it.Case e xample Seaver v. Phelpswhich was trover for a promissory note, pledged by the plaintiff while insane, to the defendant, the Court were, on behalf of the latter, requested to charge, that although the plaintiff might have been insane at the time of making the contract, yet that if the defendant were not apprised of that fact, or had no reason, from the conduct of the plaintiff or from any other source 380 was held entitled to a decree of foreclosure. It seems equally loose that he is not liable when the other to suspect it, and did not outwit or impose upon him, or practice any fraud or unfairness, the contract could not be annulled.Case example Beals v. See.it was held that the administrator of a lunatic could not, in the absence of fraud or knowledge of his state of mind, or such conduct on the part of the lunatic from which his malady might fairly be inferred or suspected, recover back the price of merchandise sold to him, even though it was unsuited to the object for which it was purchased, and above market price.

Why Is There No Universally Accepted Accounting Theory?

why Is There No universally reliable report surmise? filchThis paper discusses the statement on that point is no universally accepted bill hypothesis. In addition, it hug drugs any(prenominal) basic and diachronic background regarding explanation system and discusses the contrastive get alonges to take oer an be possibleness, before describing three common account theories. Finally, the macrocosm of the above statement and the factors that confront a universal invoice hypothesis atomic number 18 debated.Introduction accountancy is a very centenarian knowledge as it is strictly related to the first forms of trade in the old world. According to Belkaoui (1992 22), the Committee on Terminology of Ameri puke Institute of prove Public Accountants (AICPA) defines write up as followsAccounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarising in a significant manner and in terms of m angiotensin-converting enzymey, transactions and events which are in part at l east, of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof.Belkaoui (1992 22) believes that such(prenominal) a definition is limited and a broader alternative is offered that defines story asThe fulfil of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information.Historical BackgroundThe history of accounting is of importance to those wishing to encounter lively and prox accounting practices. Historically, the first form of accounting practices was bookkeeping. clerking resulted from a essential of ancient traders in Chaldean, Babylonian, Akkadian, and Assyrian civilizations (Belkaoui, 1992). Those ancient traders takeed good trading practices to track their costs and incomes. This of course, led to record keeping as the best. Belkaoui states that the earliest kn let form of record keeping dates back to 3000 B.C. which was plunge in Old Irak (Belkaoui, 1992).Egyptian and Chinese civilisat ions also had old accounting practices for handling both treasury and other government accounts. In classic civilisation, there was a famous accountant named Zenon. He managed the estates of Apollonius (a Greek see of finance). Zenon was the first to introduce the first Responsibility Accounting System concord to Belkaoui (1992).In the Roman civilisation, taxes and social classes were dependent on declared properties. As a result, taxpayers were supposed to submit clear financial statements. Of course, these factors enforced the population of bookkeeping in the ancient world. During the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a large transition in accounting took place. Luca Pacioli introduced the Italian double-entry method. Later on, advanced methods were introduced to supervise fixed as makes (Belkaoui, 1992).According to Schroeder and Clarke (1998), between the years 1900 and 1973, several bodies were introduced to establish and purify financial accounting standa rds, practices, and reporting.These bodies included the American Institute of Accountants (AIA) which was established in 1916.Then, in 1934, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established. In 1937, the American Institute of attest Public Accountants (AICPA) was formed as a result of a conjugation between the AIA and the American Society of Certified Public Accountants(Schroeder and Clarke, 1998).Accounting possible actionA guess in its simplest form is an explanation of a definite phenomena, a tick of observations. The speculation can be understood as a generalisation used to organise data into meaningful information.Glautier and Underd give (1991) vie that theories are supposed to be concerned with the explanation of a set of observations. Also, they manage that relating an existing surmisal to a set of observations or overture up with a theory that relates to a set of observations is essentially having the aforementioned(prenominal) purpose which is prov iding an explanation to these observations.Need for an Accounting possiblenessWebster define a theory as a systematic statement of principles. Also, it gives a to a greater extent detailed definitionA formulation of apparent relationships or underlying principles of certain observed phenomena which has been systematically accumulated, organised, and verified comfortably enough to supply a frame of reference for future actions (Schroeder, Richard et al., 19981).The second definition gives some reason for the need of an accounting theory. These reasons include organising accounting practices and handling future changes. Of course, a theory can be applied into practical areas of interest. An accounting theory makes it easier to understand accounting in a professional way. maturation Accounting Theory Approaches and MethodsAn accounting theory should provide accountants with guidelines for how to represent a summary of financial data for activities during a year. Of course, this inf ormation should be usable to people who are going to use it in making decisions and judgments.Glautier and Underdown (1991) itemization three common approaches that accommodate been used to develop accounting theory previously. These approaches areDescriptive ApproachDecision service program Approach well-being ApproachThey classified the Decision Usefulness Approach into twain types confirmable and normative (Glautier and Underdown, 1991).On the other hand, there consent been several approaches to develop accounting theory. These approaches make use of other classical methods of reasoning such as the ethical, sociological and economic approaches.The descriptive approach developed theories that are concerned with what accountants should do. Descriptive theories use induction. Usually, inductive reasoning will receive by making enough observations by looking at identical instances and practices before drawing a generalised conclusion.Glautier and Underdown (1991) state that the descriptive approach has attempted to relate the accounting practices of accountants to a generalised accounting theory.Usually, descriptive approaches lead to descriptive or affirmatory theories. These theories are concerned with existing accountants practices. Descriptive theories explain those practices and make it possible to predict future behaviours. Glautier and Underdown (1991) offer a useful example with regards to such predictions. By applying the descriptive theory, one can easily predict that the receipt of cash will be entered in the debit side of a cash book.The Decision Usefulness Approach resulted from the great interest in behavioural researches in accounting during the 1970s (Glautier and Underdown, 1991). This type of approach resulted into two main theories Empirical and prescriptive theories.The Empirical theory resulted from the attach in empirical research in accounting. The objective of such research was to have reliable results that would positively t urn decision making. This objective forced the use of advanced statistical techniques. The make up in university accounting courses resulted in a great number of students that were sufficient of carrying out advanced and sophisticated quantitative research.On the other hand, the normative Theory concentrates on which decision models should be selected by decision makers in order to make logical decisions.The third approach mentioned by Glautier and Underdown (1991) is the social welfare Approach. This approach can be considered as an extension to the decision-making approaches. The main objective of the welfare approach is to increase social welfare through thinking(prenominal) decisions establish upon reliable accounting information.Common Accounting TheoriesPositive TheoryThe positive theory is mainly explaining existing accounting practices and observed accounting phenomena (Schroeder, Richard et al., 2001). Belkaoui (1992) believes that positive accounting theory is looking into why accounting practices have developed into the way they are today. Then, the positive theory explains or predicts accounting events. Many positive accounting theory supporters are optimistic out-of-pocket to that positive approach is getting more supporters.Belkaoui (1992) noted criticism of positive theory including the point that the theory concept is establish on an old philosophy of science and that theories of empirical science do not have positive statements on what is.Normative TheoryThe normative theory focuses on what should be instead of what is (Belkaoui, 1992). Therefore, it is on the contrary side to positive theory. This theory is based on a set of objectives. It was developed using the deductive approach that uses logic. Normative theory advocates agree on a set of objectives, believing that these objectives are the best for accountants. Then they deduce their hypotheses and principles. Their next tread is to apply this theory to real life accounting practi ces and events. Actually, normative theory will depend on its advocates and the level of harmony they can clasp on the agreed set of goals.Although the normative approach is very primal in regulating the industry and developing new accounting practices, it may not handle possible future effects caused by new theories that may change accounting practice in the future.Agency TheoryAgency theory tries to describe financial statements and their basic accounting theories (Schroeder, Richard et al., 2001). This theory emerged from the relationship that exists between managers and shareholders. Agency theory assumes that individuals always try to increase their own expected utilities. Also, it assumes that they are creative in doing so. This theory is based on the fact that there is an agreed relationship between two parties. The first is the agent (usually the managers of a firm) and the second is the trail or the stakeholders. The principal agrees to let the agent act on his or her b ehalf. This usually happens because stakeholders are not capable or not trained sufficiently well to handle the firm in the manner that the managers can. An issue arises here which is the infringe of interest. This issue can be solved through several methods that stop mutual benefit to both sides such as bonuses or a percentage for the agents. One negative point regarding agency theory is that it is based on the assumption that both parties are trying to maximise his own expected utilities. This assumption is not accepted politically or socially.Universally Accepted Accounting TheoryFrom the previous elaboration on accounting theories, it is clear that there are different approaches to develop them. In addition, there is a wide and diverse range of accounting practices all over the world. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in the United States of America. The obstacle that prevents GAAP becoming th e principles on which global accounting theory is developed is that every country has its own standard accounting practice version of GAAP, usually set by a national governing body.Currently, there is no Universally Accepted Accounting Theory. It seems that having such a theory will not sink in the near future. This is receivable to many factors, including the fact that using different approaches to develop such a theory will result in different theories. Also, establishing international standards is a very tricky process due countries seeking to protect the privacy of their domestic legal and economic matters. In addition, it is difficult to have one theory that satisfies all needs.Of course, it is important to have guidelines to assist users with no accounting knowledge to understand company accounts. Also, there should be similar guidelines for accountants to handle multi-national firms and establishments.ConclusionAlthough some may argue that there is no need for such a univer sal theory as we are doing well without it, there is still a need for such a theory even if it is not as improve as it should be.To sum up, establishing Universally Accepted Accounting Theory can be a very complicated process. This paper discussed the statement there is no universally accepted accounting theory. It gave a brief historical background and some basic information relating to accounting. It discussed the different approaches used to develop accounting theories, as well as the three common accounting theories. Finally, the essay elaborated on the fact that currently there is no universal global accounting theory.ReferencesBelkaoui, A. (1992) 3th edition, Accounting Theory. London Dryden PressGlautier, M. W. E. and Underdown B. (1991) fourth edition, Accounting Theory and Practice. London Pitman PublishingSchroeder, R. G. and Clarke, M. W. (1998) 6th edition, Accounting Theory Text and Readings. London John Wiley Sons Inc.Schroeder, R., Clark, M. and Cathey, J., (2001) 7th edition, Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis Text Readings and Cases. London John Wiley Sons Inc.

Before and After Cloud Computing in DPG Group of Companies

forrader and After Cloud Computing in DPG Group of Companies to the highest degree the companyDPR Group, Inc., a full-service public relations, marketing and communications agency, was stuck in a engineering rut that stymied productivity and limited their growth. DPG group broke forgive of the break-fix model of managed services and leaped ahead with fog computing.DPR Group with a hatful to open sm in entirely satellite offices in technology hubs throughout the east United States. At the age of my technology ch entirelyenge, DPG had expanded to two offices for more or less 15 employees with their render in Germantown, Maryland, and a second office in Cary, jointure Carolina.However, providing expert public relations and marketing services to high technology companies requires a strong technology infrastructure to effectively communicate with lymph glands. Without an on-the-spot(prenominal) IT resource, angiotensin-converting enzyme of their obstacles to growth was findi ng a way to keep on the whole in-house technology running smoothly.For four years worked with a managed services supplier to help maintain their PCs, a Dell PowerEdge Server, and internal networks in both of DPG offices. Although the CEO of managed services supplier spoke eloquently about their companys onus approach to computer maintenance, they actually spent far more time trying to fix things after they broke.What were the problems before woful to droveBefore moving cloud number of issues that challenged their ability to maintain the high-level client service that they offer. Downtime, latency, reliability, and approach shotibility were just a few reoccurring issues. For example, managed services provider would frequently run software updates on Sunday nights and, ascribable to compatibility issues with the updates and a lack of testing, the server would often crash on Monday mornings. This left provide scrambling to work from back-up deposits, while the managed service s provider attempted to fix the problem.Also, when working(a) remotely, their staff used Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) with severe latency and connectivity issues that caused delays and ask additional time to complete basic tasks such as reconnection, file uploads, or even simply writing an email.Their managed services provider withal experienced a lot of personnel turnover. Every time soul new started working on DPG account, they bear to re-explain everything about not only the issue they were having, merely alike how our entire system was stick up because the new expert staff was not familiar with their system. non unexpectedly, DPG received daily complaints from my staff about how technology issues were making it uncorrectable for everyone to do their job effectively. After discussing specific challenges with each of thier staff members, DPG mensural that every employee was losing from seven to nine days of productivity per year due to time spent waiting for a tech to fix the problems.What were the benefits of moving to cloudFirst they started search for a new vendor by talking with a number of managed services providers that all promised to do a much better job of maintaining computers and networks. More importantly, they started hearing the term cloud computing, and learned that it could streamline a lot of processes and significantly improve DPG productivity. Although cloud might be a better model for them, DPG also would lead a local IT resource to maintain the basic hardware in our two different offices.After reviewing proposals from a number of providers within the Washington, D.C., underpass area, DPG selected Virgina-based Cetrom Information Technology to take them to the cloud. This cloud computing service provider stood out from the rest for a few primary reasons. First, Cetrom offered a unfeignedly hosted cloud model. Other cloud providers would host data on the cloud, but install applications locally. It was either that, or they w ould have to use limited-functionality, software-as-a-service (SaaS) versions of their standard software. Cetrom, however, hosted the full, tralatitious versions of our software in the cloud and seamlessly mirrored a local environment.The Cetrom crown of thorns places a small server on site in DPG headquarters that replicates the data to and from the cloud in real time. previously they used to having all IT within the office.Also, Cetroms senior-level engineers really took the time to understand DPG business goals and processes during roll out. From there, they knowing cloud solution for DPG-with strong business continuity and disaster recuperation plans, and easy access to key applications-around all business, instead of making them align to a rigid, out-of-the-box solution.To avoid lost productivity hours, Cetroms engineers migrated DPG applications and data over the pass .Working in the cloud provides numerous benefits. The primary benefit is the anytime, anywhere access to all the files and applications, with only an Internet connection. The ability to set permissions by users is also extremely beneficial as it ensures only authorized personnel have access to files, such as financials.Cetrom not only maintains its equipment and ensures the security of all its clients data, the company also constantly reviews the applications and services it provides clients to ensure they are the shell available. Since moving to the Cetrom cloud, the company has changed spam filters for the email a few times, and each time they seen an improvement. The current version now catches about 99.5 percent of all incoming spam emails-an immense improvement over our previous provider. perhaps the most important benefit of all is system reliability. Cetrom has a trail record of zero downtime since its founding nearly 15 years ago. This one aspect returned nearly 10 hours of productivity back to DPG staff-equal to $50,000 annually-so they can steering on serving DPG clients. The cost savings from operational expenses in North Carolina-more than $70,000 annually-allowed them to move from Germantown, Maryland, location to a larger, nicer office in Frederick, Maryland, with double the susceptibility for staff.Migrating to the cloud with Cetrom was one of the best business decisions DPG ever made. They have not had any downtime since DPG started with Cetrom, DPG data is available anytime, and they dont receive complaints from the staff about technology issues anymore.

How Charles Dickens’ Life Influenced Oliver Twist Essay -- essays pape

How Charles heller Life Influenced O livelyr TwistThe range of his creative activity is, in the foremost place, limited to the world of his youth (Cecil 169). This retell explains many people. What has previously happened to a person has a tremendous impact on them. It can act their decisions, emotions, and life. The life of a person can sometimes be seen quite easily by means of what they do. Artists often reveal what their life has been like through the works that they create. The same can be said about writers. Events in authors past often show up in his works. The above quote is, in fact, made in regard to Charles ogre.Dickens had several veritable life experiences of distress and abandonment in his life that influenced his work, Oliver Twist. The times of poverty and abandonment in Charles Dickens life instilled a political view in Dickens mind against the new poor laws of vast Britain. Dickens felt the new poor laws victimized the poor, failed to give the poor a voice, and were in need of change. These points are shown in Oliver Twist through the characters, scenes, and annals Dickens uses throughout the book.Dickens lived a life full of events that would by and by influence his novels. Dickens grew up during a time of change for Great Britain. By the time he was born in 1812, the Industrial variation was in full force. Dickens grew up as a sane middle-class small fry in Portsmouth, Great Britain. It was around the age of twelve that his life took a drastic turn. Dickens was still a child when his father was imprisoned for debt. Families, at this time, lived with the father in prison. Charles did not live in prison, though. Instead, he was sent to live alone and become a laborer at Warrens Blacking Facto... ...r Twist The never-ending Dickens. London, 1925. 63-87. Rpt in Oliver Twist. Ed. Fred Kaplan. New York Norton & Company, 1993. SkimGreene, Graham. The Young Dickens. Collected Essays. 1969. Rpt. in 19th Century Literary Cri ticism, Vol. 3. Ed. Laurie L. Harris. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1983. Pg. 176. MacKenzie, Jeanne. Dickens, A Life. USA British program library Cataloguing in Publication, 1979. Skim. Murray, Brian. Charles Dickens. New York Continuum, 1994. SkimParoissien, David. Letter to Noah Laible, 15 Feb 2000.Taine, Hippolyte A. History of position Literature, Vol 4. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1965. Pg. 117-163.Wall, Stephan. The Letters of Charles Dickens, 1856-1858. Essays in Criticism 47.1 (1997) 78-87.Wills, Garry. Love in the lower depths. The New York Review of Books 26 Oct 1989 60-68.